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BIO 160- LECTURE EXAM 1
Chapters 1-8
68
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/03/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Know the organizational scheme presented in fig 1.3 on page 5 and in lecture.
Definition
atom-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism
Term
Review the various body systems presented on pages 7-10. Know the basic functions of each as given in lecture.
Definition

1. Integumentary System

2. Skeletal System

3. Muscular System

4. Nervous System

5. Endocrine System

6. Cardiovascular System

7. Lymphatic System

8. Respiratory System

9. Digestive System

10. Urinary System

11. Reproductive

 

Term
What are the 3 major planes?
Definition

1. Coronal- anterior/posterior

2. Transverse- section from waist

3. Midsagittal- right & let halves

Term
Name the different anatomical positions.
Definition

1. anterior/posterior- front/back

2. superior/inferior- head/feet

3. medial/lateral- toward/away from midline

4. proximal/distal- close/far from point of attach.

Term
Name the different body cavaties.
Definition

-cranial 

-vertebral canal

-pleural (thoracic)

-pericardial (thoracic)

-abdominal

-pelvic

Term
What are the 3 major features of a cell? What is the role of each organelle?
Definition

1. nucleus = DNA

2. membrane = gatekeeper/protector

3. mitosis = cell divides into 2

Term
What are the 4 types of tissue in the human body?
Definition

1. Epithelial- covers surfaces, sensory receptors, lines internal spaces= absorbtion, glandular=secretion

2. Connective- binding & support, energy storage, shock absorbtion, calcium storage, wound healing, O2 transport

3. Muscle- skeletal (striated-voluntary), smooth (visceral-involuntary), cardiac (heart)

4. Nervous- neuron=excitable, glial cells= non-excitable, supportive cells; 1 capability= transmission of impulse

Term
Know the 4 functions and 7 characteristics of epithelial tissue as discussed in class.
Definition

FUNCTIONS

1) cover surfaces = protection

2)sensory receptors

3)lines internal spaces = absorbtion/filteration

4)glandular = secretion

 

CHARACTERISTICS

1) cellularity

2) polarity- free border

3) basment membrane

4) adherent 

5) avascular- does not bleed

6) innervated- it can hurt

7) regenerative

Term
Review the classification scheme of epithelia given in fig 4.2, pg 85 and in lecture.
Definition
Term

Know the location of each of the following kinds of epithelia:

• simple squamous

• cuboidal

• columnar

• pseudostratified

• transitional

Definition

Simple Squamous

•lines blood vessels, heart 

 

Simple Cuboidal

•kidneys

 

Simple Columnar

• intestines

• unicellular glands

• mucin+H20= mucus

 

Pseudostratified

• (on cilia) nasal passage & respiratory system

•every cell touches the basement membrane

 

Transitional

•urinary bladder

•transitions between thick & thin extendable cells

Term
What is the function of goblet cells?
Definition
secretes mucin
Term
What three components comprise all connective tissue?
Definition

1) cells

 

2) protein fibers (collagenous, elastic, reticular)

 

3) ground substance (matrix)

    ex) jello w/ fruit; concrete w/ marbles

Term
Name the three fiber types found in connective tissue.
Definition

1) hyaline cartilage- most abundant

                          - fetal skeleton, joints, ala (wing) of                             the nose, larynx

                          - appears like water

                          - chondrocytes in cell nests

2) fibrocartilage- spinal disks, knee joints, pubic

                        symphysis

3)elastic cartilage- external ear, epiglottis

                         - can be moved, but goes back to                                  original state 

 

 

 

 

1) collagen- strong, stretch resilient

 

2) elastic- flexible, resilient

 

3) reticular- form an interwoven framework

Term
Know locations of dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue.
Definition

D.R.- tendons, ligaments

 

D.I.- dermis of skin, multidirectional strength

Term
Name the three types of muscle and be able to differentiate each histologically (in other words how can you tell them apart at the microscopic level?). [refer to lecture notes]
Definition

1) skeletal- striated, voluntary

               - peripheral multi-nuclei

               - long fibers = cells

               - usually attached to bone

 

2) smooth- involuntary, visceral

              - central nuclei

              - NO striations

              - short spindle-shaped, non-branching cells

              - internal organs

 

3) cardiac- heart

              - central nuclei

              - prominent striations

              - branching fibers

              - interclated discs 

              - 1 capability = contraction (not push)

Term
What are the three accessory structures [appendages] of the integumentary system?
Definition

1) hair 

 

2) glands

 

3) nails

Term
Know the four epidermal layers of thin skin and the five strata of thick skin. (lecture/pg 123)
Definition

THICK (soles of feet & toes, palms & fingers, no hair                follicles)

1) stratum corneum

2) stratum lucidum

3) stratum granulosum

4) stratum spinosum

5) stratum basale

 

THIN (everywhere else, thin corneum, no lucid layer)

1) stratum corneum

2) stratum granulosum

3) stratum spinosum

4) stratum basale

Term
Give the four cell populations found in epidermis and the role of each.
Definition

1) Keratinocyte (80%)- major skin cell

                              - undergoes keratinization &                                           sloughing 

 

2) Melanocyte (15%)- gives skin its color

 

3) Dendritic Cell (4%)- immune activity

 

4) Tactile Cell (1%)- touch sensor

Term
Give the 7 events in the life of a keratinocyte as described in lecture.
Definition

1) mitosis

2) migration

3) pigmentation

4) keratinaztion- proteins fills the cell & cell dies,                                   responsible for tough & waterproof

5) cytolysis

6) detachment

7) exfoliation (sloughing)

Term
What two layers make up the dermis? What is the role of each layer? (lecture)
Definition

PAPILLARY LAYER

• attachment

• areolar CT

• vascularization (nourishment)

• sensation

 

RETICULAR LAYER

• dense irregular CT

• strength

• sensation

• hair erection

• secretion

Term
What is the role of dermal papillae?
Definition

• interlock with epidermal ridges

• supply nutrients to epidermis

• houses sensory receptors

Term
What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts?
Definition
hair stands up
Term
Describe the process of skin pigmentation. (pg 123-124 & lecture)
Definition

1) melanin transferrred to melanosome(# released             determines skin color)

 

2) melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes 

 

Melanocyte- contains melanin, each person has the same                  # of melanocytes

Term
What are lines of cleavage? What is their significance during surgery? [pg 127 & lecture notes]
Definition

tension lines; lines used to identify the predominant orientation of collagen fiber bundles

 

-surgically important because any procedure resulting in a cut at right angles to a cleavage line is usually pulled open due to the recoil from cut elastic fibers

 

parallel collagenous fibers

• resist stress during movement 

• faster healing

Term
Know the various aspects of aging as it relates to the skin. (lecture notes)
Definition

• more wrinkles- due to fiber changes

• less immune response

• fewer melanocytes

• dry epidermis

• thin epidermis

• less sweat

• thin dermis

• reduced elasticity

• reduced blood supply

• changes in fat & hair distribution

• fewer follicles

• reduced repair

Term
Know hair structure as given in class lecture and on page 131 in the text.
Definition

upload picture

Term
Know the structure of nails as given in lecture and on page 130.
Definition

upload picture

Term
What are the various functions of the skeletal system?
Definition

•provides support & protection

•site of hemopoesis

•calcium/phosphorus storage

•muscle attachment = movement

Term
Name the three types of cartilage and where in the body each is located. (146-147/Lect)
Definition

1) Fibrocartilage- between discs, public symphysis & knee                          joint

 

2) Hyaline Cartilage- trachea

                           - most abundant

 

3) Elastic Cartilage- epiglottis & ear

                          - least abundant

Term
Know the basic features of a long bone as shown on page 150 and presented in lecture.
Definition

• proximal epiphysis

• metaphysis

• diaphysis (elongated, cyndrical shaft)

• distal epiphysis

 

•spongy bone

•compact bone

•medullary cavity

•endosteum (CT)

•periosteum (rough CT)

•articular cartilage (hyaline)

Term
Know the role of the four osseous tissue cells. (151-152/Lect)
Definition

1) osteocyte- mature cell trapped in matrix w/in a                              lacunae

                  - maintains bone matrix

 

2) osteoblast- forms matrix and becomes osteocytes

 

3) osteo progenitor cell- stem cell that will become                                           osteoblasts

 

4) osteoclast- bone reabsorbtion (osteolysis) 

Term
Know the anatomical difference between spongy and compact bone. (153 / Lect)
Definition

spongy bone- trabecular bone

                  - forms trabeculae (an open lattice of                               narrow plates of bone

                  - located internally, w/in epiphysis of long                       bone

 

compact bone- dense or cotrical bone 

                    - solid

                    - forms external wall of long bone

Term
Know the micro-anatomical features of bone as shown on page 154/lecture. What are osteons, osteocytes, lacuna, and canaliculi?
Definition

(upload pic)

 

osteon- basic functional & structural unit of mature                    compact bone 

         - run parallel to diaphysis of long bone

 

osteocytes- housed in the lacunae & found between                          adjacent concentric lamellae

               - proto plasmic extenson call canaliculi

 

lacuna- 

 

canaliculi- tiny, interconnecting channels w/in the bone                CT 

             - houses osteocyte cytoplasmic projections 

Term
Know the different locations of periosteum & endosteum.
Definition

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Term
Define endochondral and intramembraneous bone formation and give an example of each.(156/Lect)
Definition

(insert pic)

 

Intramembranous- bone that forms on a membrane

 

Endochondral- bone formation w/in a cartilagenous model

Term
Know the classification of bones (149/ lecture). Be able to give an example of each type.
Definition

1) long bone- arm, forearm, palm, fingers, thigh, leg,                          foot, toes

 

2) short bone- carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (bones in                         foot), sesamoid bones

 

3) flat bone- roof of the skull, scapulae (shoulder                              bones), sternum & ribs

Term
Know bone marking terminology as given in lecture and page 166.
Definition

1) head- prominent round projection

2) neck- narrow region behind the head

3) trochlea- pulley-shaped articular surface

4) condyle- large smooth rounded articulating surface

5) epicondyle- - projection above condye

6) trochanter- large rough projection on femur

7) tubercle- small round projection

8) tuberosity- large rough projection

9) fossa- shallow depression

 

(insert pic- notes p. 5)

Term
Know which bones (and how many) make up the axial skeleton. [172/Lect]
Definition

29 Bones 

8 Cranial Bones 

   • frontal

   • parietal (2)

   • occipital

   • temporal (2)

   • sphenoid

   • ethmoid

 

Facial Bones (14)

• nasal (2)

• maxilla (2)

• zygomatic (2)

• palatine (2) - makes up palate

• inferior conchae (2)

• lacrimal bones (2)

• vomer

• mandible

 

Associated Bones 

•6 ear ossicles

•1 hyoid bone

Term
Know what bones make up the cranium and the face (173/Lect).
Definition

8 Cranial Bones 

   • frontal

   • parietal (2)

   • occipital

   • temporal (2)

   • sphenoid

   • ethmoid

 

Facial Bones (14)

• nasal (2)

• maxilla (2)

• zygomatic (2)

• palatine (2) - makes up palate

• inferior conchae (2)

• lacrimal bones (2)

• vomer

• mandible

 

Term
Know the name and the location of the 4 major sutures of the skull. (181/Lect)
Definition

1) coronal

 

2) squamous

 

3) sagittal

 

4) lambdoid

 

(insert pic- pg. 13 notes)

Term
What are four paranasal sinuses and where is each located? (198;200/Lect)
Definition

1) frontal 

 

2) maxillary

 

3) ethmoid 

 

4) sphenoid

 

(insert pic- pg 13 notes)

Term
What are the 7 bones of the orbital complex? (198;200/Lect)
Definition

1) frontal

 

2) ethmoid 

 

3) lacrimal- shaped like a tear

 

4) palatine

 

5) maxilla

 

6) zygomatic

 

7) sphenoid

 

(insert pic- pg 18 notes)

Term
Know the four curvatures of the spine. (203;205/Lect)
Definition

1) cervical

 

2) thoracic

 

3)lumbar

 

4) sacral

Term
Know the structures of a typical vertebra (204;206/Lect).
Definition
(insert pic)
Term
Know anatomical differences between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. (206;208/Lect)
Definition

Cervical

• Atlas (C1) & Axis (C2)

• transverse foramina

• bifid spinous process

• kidney-bean-shaped body

 

Thoracic

•  NO transverse foramen

• lack mobility 

• has costal facets/costal demifacets

• long, slender spinous process

• heart-shaped body

 

Lumbar

• thickest body 

• NO transverse foramina

• NO costal facets

•  hatchet-shaped spinous process

Term
What is the difference between true and false ribs? What are floating ribs? (211;213/Lect)
Definition

True Ribs (1-7)

• directly attach to sternum

 

False Ribs (8-12)

• 

 

Floting Ribs (11 & 12) 

 

Term
Know which bones (and how many) make up the appendicular skeleton. (220;222)
Definition

Pectoral Girdles

• Clavicle (2)

• Scapula (2)

 

Upper Limbs

• Humerus (2)

• Radius (2)

• Ulna (2)

• Carpals (16)

• Metacarpals (10)

• Phalanges (28)

 

Pelvic Girdles

• Os coxae (2)

 

Lower Limbs 

• Femur (2) 

• Patella (2)

• Tibia (2)

• Fibula (2)

• Tarsals (14)

• Metatarsals (10)

• Phalanges

Term
Which bones constitute the pectoral and pelvic girdles?
Definition

Pectoral Girdle 

• Clavicle (2)

• Scapula (2)

 

Pelvic Girdles 

• Os Coxae (2) 

 

Term
Know anatomical differences between the male/female skull and pelvis (231;233/Lect)
Definition

FEMALE

 

Pelvis

•subpubic angle >100 degrees

•longer pubic bones

•preauricular sulcus (deep groove)

•shallow ilium

 

Skull

•NO temporal line ridges

•sharper orbit ridge

•NO supercilliary arch

 

 

MALE 

 

Pelvis

•subpubic angle <90 degrees

•NO preauricular sulcus

•deep ilium

 

Skull

•visible temporal line ridges

•slight superciliary arch

Term
What is the relationship between mobility and stability in body articulations? (251;253/Lect)
Definition

stability increases as mobility decreses 

(insert pic)

Term
What is the difference between a fibrous, a cartilaginous, and a synovial joint? (251;253/Lect)
Definition

FIBROUS

•held by dense regular CT

•little-no movement

•no joint cavity

 

CARTLAGINOUS

•joined by hyaline cartilage

•very little-no movement

•may ossify

 

SYNOVIAL

•most common & most complex

•fluid-filled joint cavity

•separates the cartilage-coverd articulating surfaces

Term
Pay particular attention to Table 9.1 on page 252;254. Know locations of the following: • Gomphoses • Suture • Syndesmosis • Synchondrosis • Symphysis
Definition
(insert pic)
Term
What is a bony fusion? Give an example.
Definition
Term
Know the general anatomy of a synovial joint. What is synovial fluid and what are its functions? (255;257/Lect)
Definition

Synovial Fluid

•secreted by synovial membrane

•lubricates ("ice on ice")

•nourishes chondrocytes

•waste removal

•constantly recycled

•shock absorbtion

 

(insert pic)

 

Term
What is a uniaxial joint?
Definition

Planar (gliding) Joint

•simplest & least movable

•only side-side movment

•ex) intercarpals/intertarsals

 

Hinge Joint

•movement in 1, single plane

•ex) elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints

 

Pivot Joint

•formation of ligamentous ring

•1 bone rotates on its longitudinal axis around another

•ex) alantoaxial joint (atlas+dens)- head rotation &            radioulnar joint (wrist)

Term
What are the functions of the Integumentary System?
Definition

-provides protection

-regulates body temperature

-site of cutaneous receptors

-Vitamin D synthesis

-prevents water loss

Term
What are the functions of the Skeletal System?
Definition

-provides support & protection

-site of hemopoesis

-calcium/phosphorus storage

-muscle attachment= movement

Term
What are the functions of the Muscular System?
Definition

-movement

-protection of internal organs

-glycogen storage

-heat generation

Term
What are the functions of the Nervous System?
Definition

-controls body movement

-responds to sensory stimuli

-general body regulation

-site of consciousness, intelligence & memory

Term
What are the functions of the Endocrine System?
Definition

-cell metabolism & growth

-overall body growth

-chemical levels in the body

-reproductive functions

Term
What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?
Definition

Transports:

-nutrients

-wastes

-gasses

-hormones

Term
What are the functions of the Lymphatic System?
Definition

-transports & filters lympth

-initiates immune response

Term
What are the functions of the Respiratory System?
Definition

-site of O2 and CO2 exchange

-helps regulate acid/base balance

Term
What are the functions of the Digestive System?
Definition

-processes food

-absorbs nutrients

-expels waste products

Term
What are the functions of the Urinary System?
Definition

-filters blood

-forms/expels urine

-regulates water & salt balance

Term
What are the functions of the Reproductive System?
Definition

-produces gametes

-produces hormones

-provides site for fertilization

-site for embryonic growth

-post-natal nourishment

Term
What is a biaxial joint?
Definition

Condyloid Joint

•movement in 2 axes

•convex/concave surfaces

•ex) MP joint (knuckes/toes)

 

Saddle Joint

•greater range of movement

•convex/concave saddle-shaped surfaces

•ex) carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Term
What is a multiaxial joint?
Definition

Ball-and-Socket

•most freely movable joint

•round head fits into round cup/socket

•ex) hip (coxal), shoulder (glenohumeral)

 

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