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Bones and muscles
146
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/07/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Parietal Bones
Definition

attached to rear of the frontal 

largest portion of the rood and sides of the skull

Term
Temporal Bone
Definition

inferior sides of the cranium

part of the floor

beneath the temples

Term
Occipital Bone
Definition

forms the posterior wall and posterior floor of the cranium

articulates with each parietal and temporal bone

 

Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition

"key-stone bone"

butterfly shape

sits at the base of the skull

connects to all other cranial bones

forms majority of the orbit

Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition
occupies critical space between the nasal cavity and the orbits
Term
Suture
Definition

tightest of all joints

join bones of the cranium and consist of a thin layer of very dense fibrous tissue, which allow no motion

adds strength and stability to the union

all sutures are synarthrosis

Term
Sagittal Suture
Definition

where the two parietal bones meet

runs in the midling of the cranium from apex to occipital

Term
Coronal Suture
Definition

two parietal bones meet the frontal bone

crown

Term
Lambdoid Suture
Definition

where the occipital bone meets the two parietal bones

runs horixontally 

Term
Squamous suture
Definition

where each temporal bone unites with the parietal and sphenoid bones

traces an arc above each ear

Term
Mastoid process
Definition

a thick bulge of bone behind the ear 

where neck muscles attach

sits posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus

honeycombed

has smal air spaces

Term
Styloid Process
Definition

a narrow, cone-shaped downward projection to which neck muscles attach

more pointy than mastoid

 

Term
Zygomatic arch
Definition
formed by a thin arch of the temporal bone that connects anteriorly with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
Term
Foramen Magnum
Definition

largest opening in the craniu,

the spinal cord and brain connect through this

Term
Occipital condyles
Definition

two bean shaped platforms

connect with the first cervical vertebra

are points upon which the skull rests on the neck

Term
Mandible
Definition

u shaped

hinged posteriorly to the temporal bones

containes lower teeth

Term
Sella Turcica
Definition

holds the pituiatary gland

cradle of bone

in the sphenoid bone

Term
Crista Galli
Definition

"cock's crest"

projects superiorly between the cribiform plates

site of attachment for the brain meninges

Term
Cribriform plate
Definition

horizontal plates

on each side of the perpecdicular plate

perforated with numerous tiny holes that transmit fibers from the olfactory nerve into the nasal passages

Term
Perpendicular Plate
Definition

vertical plate of bone

extends inferiorly into the midline of the nasal cavity

forms the superior portion of the nasal septum

Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition

U shaped

sits in the soft tissues of the anterior neck

does not articulate with any other bones

attached by ligament to the base of the skull at the styloid process of the temporal bone

Term
Vertebral Foramina
Definition

central hole in the bone circle

form the spinal canal

Term
Intervertebral Foramina
Definition

small opening

allows spinal nerves to pass from the spinal cord out into the body

Term
Body
Definition

thick

disc-shaped

joined together by the intervertebral discs

Term
Pedicle
Definition

extend posteriorly to the body

parts of the vertebral arch

Term
Articular processes
Definition

four stubby plates of bone project from the vertbral arch and serve to connect to the vertebrae above or below

occur in pairs, one right and one left, on the superior and inferior surfaces of the arch

Term
Spinous Process
Definition

single, midline, dorsal projection of bone that arises from the apex of the arch

as you run your finger down the center of your back, you are feeling the tips of spinous processes

serve as sites of muscle attachment

Term
Transverse Processes
Definition

two bony projections

extend laterally from the sides of the vertebral sarch

muscle attachment

Term
Transverse Foramina
Definition
holes in the transverse processes
Term
Atlas strutures
Definition

C1

highest

has two articular facets that fit with the occipital condyles

synovial joint between the skull and vertebral column permits flexion, extension, and limited rotation and lateral movement

has no body

Term
Axis structures
Definition

C2

atlas rotates around the axis of the dens

Term
Sacrum
Definition

single traingular bone formed from the gradual fusion of five fetal vertebrae

big mucles of hips and thighs attach

has five regions, one for each original sacral vertebra

Term
Sacral foramina
Definition

allows for nerves of spinal cord to pass through

 

Term
Coccyx
Definition

small triangular bone shaped like a bird's beak 

forms the inferior end of the axial skeleton

Term
Costal cartilages
Definition
connect the true ribs to the side of the sternum
Term
True ribs
Definition

conect to the side of the sternum

1-7

Term
False ribs
Definition

8,9,10

share a forked costal cartilage that merges with the costal cartilage of rib 7

not individually connected to the sternum

Term
Floating ribs
Definition

have no cartilage

also false ribs

11, 12

Term
Sternum
Definition

flat, slim, vertical bone situated in the cneter of the anterior thoracic wall

 

Term
Manibrium
Definition

uppermost

fused with the body at the sternal angle

Term
Body
Definition
middle portion of the sternum
Term

Xiphoid process

 

Definition

inferior projection of the sternum

do not want to press on this during CPR

Term
Ossification
Definition
when cartilage turns into bone
Term
Acromion Process
Definition

forms a bony buldge at the top of the shoulder

articulates with the clavicle 

Term
Coracoid Process
Definition
attachment site for certain chest and shulder muscles
Term
Clavicle
Definition
lies horizontally across thet ope of the chest and reaches from the clavicular notch of the sternum across the top of the shoulder, where it articulates with the superior aspect of the scapula (manubrium)
Term
Humerus
Definition

longest, heaviest of the bones in the upper limb

 head connects with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Term
Deltoid Tuberosity
Definition

small prominence partway down the shaft

where the large deltoid muscle overlying the shoulder joint attaches

Term
Condyle
Definition
where muscles attach
Term
Scpular Spine
Definition

dorsal ridge of bone

attachment site for muscles

 

Term
Medial and later epicondyles
Definition

superior to the capitulum and trochlea

tendons for forearm muscles attach

tendons for posterior forearm muscles attach to lateral

 

Term
Coronoid process
Definition

where anterior arm muscles attach

on ulna

Term
Olecranon process
Definition
elbow
Term
olecranon fossa
Definition

recieves ulna when elbow is extended

depression on posterior side

Term
Pronation
Definition
radius crosses over ulna
Term
Supination
Definition

radius and ulna are straight

anatomical position

Term
Radial styloid processes
Definition

on lateral side of distal end of radius

lateral wrist ligaments attach

 

Term

Ulnar styloid process

 

Definition

medial wrist ligaments attach

on medial side of the head of the ulna

Term
Carpals
Definition

Wrist bones- located in heel of hand

irregular rows of four bones each

bound by ligaments that allow for slight shifting and twisting

 

Term
Metacarpals
Definition

bones of the palm

all bones are similar: shaft, base, head

Term
Proximal phalanges
Definition

finger bones closest to metacarpals

 

Term
Distal phalanges
Definition

finger bones on the tips of the fingers

(farthest away from metacarpals)

Term
Ilium
Definition

largest and uppermost

wing shaped bone that attaches firmly to the sacrum

 

Term
Ischium
Definition

inferoposterior portion of each coxal bone

arc-shaped

 

Term
Pubis
Definition
mirror image of ischium
Term
Sacroiliac joint
Definition
where the ilium attached to the sacrum
Term
Pubic Symphasis
Definition

where the two pubic bones meet

forms a midline bone prominence above the genitalia

amphiarthrosis

Term
Acetabulum
Definition
a sock into which the bone of the thigh fits to join the lower limb of the pelvis
Term
Iliac crest
Definition

upper edge of each wing of the ilium

where your hands naturally rest from time to time

Term
Ischial spine
Definition

spine of ischium

 

Term
Male pelvis
Definition

less distance between ischial spines

smaller angle of sacrum

smaller pubic angle 

Term
Women pelvis
Definition

larger distance between ischial spines

sacrum is pushed out

larger pubic angle

Term
Femur
Definition

bone of thigh

lonest and heaviest in the body

Term
Head of Femur
Definition

caps the neck of the femur

articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal ones to form the hip joint

Term
Neck of Femur
Definition

stubby post on promimal end of femur

angled about 45 degreed

Term
Greater trochanter
Definition

on femur

right below the distal end of the neck

hip bone

attachment site for muscles

Term
Lesser trochanter
Definition

where upper end of shaft joins the nexk

muscle attachment

on femur

Term
Medial and lateral epicondyles (femur)
Definition

knuckle-like projections into which the distal end of the femur expands 

fit into concave upper surface of tibia to form kneww joint

Term
Intercondylar fossa
Definition

on femur

between condyles

deep depression

Term
Patella
Definition
knee cap
Term
Medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
Definition

two articular surfaces

upon which the femoral condyles rest

Term
Tibial tuberosity
Definition

anteriorly between the condyles of the tibia

attachment for patellar tendon

Term
Medial malleolus
Definition

bulging lip of tibia overlaps the ankle joint

medial prominence of the ankle

on tibia

 

Term
Fibula
Definition

Slim bone

about as long as tibia

shifted inferiorly

not weight bearing

head articulates with tibia below the lateral condyle

connects to the tarsus

Term
Interosseous membrane
Definition
membrane between tibia and fibula
Term
Lateral malleolus
Definition

lateral bone prominecnce of the ankle

on fibula

small bulge of fibula overlaps the angle joint

Term
Talus
Definition

where the tibia and fibula articulate to form the ankle joint

most superior of the ankle bones

Term
Calcaneus
Definition

largest and strongest of the tarsals

heel bone

Term
Tarsals
Definition

bound together by ligaments to form an arch

which allows foot to bend somewhat to cushion the forces of walking, running, and jumping

cloest to ankle

Term
Metatarsals
Definition

bones in the middle (between tarsals and phalanges)

all are similar (expect the first is substantially heavier than the others)

numbered 1-5

Term
Phalanges
Definition

toes

resemble fingers

Term
Origin
Definition
the end of the mescle that serves as an anchor for the movement
Term
Insertion
Definition
The end of the muscle that moves a body part
Term

Prime movers

(agonist)

 

Definition
the main muscle responsible for a given movement
Term
Antagonist
Definition

a muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover

must relax and lengthen to permit the movement

 

Term
Synergist
Definition

a muscle that assists the action of the prime mover

some prevent the movement of a nearby joint

without these, the origin would move towards insertion

Term
Rectus
Definition
straight
Term
Oblique
Definition
slanting
Term
Transversus
Definition
across
Term
Zygomaticus
Definition

origin: zygomatic bone

Insertion: skin, muscle at lip corners

action: raises corner of mouth (smile)

Term
Orbicularis Oris
Definition

origin: maxilla

insertion: skin at mouth corners

action: closes and protrudes lips (kissing), shapes lips (speech)

Term
Depressor anguli oris
Definition

origin: mandible

Insertion: mouth 

action: depresses angle of mouth (frown) brind down mouth corners

Term
Depressor labii superioris
Definition

depressor: downward

labii: lip

super: above

Origin: Mandible

Instertion: Orbicularis 

Action: depresses upper lip

Term
Depressor labii inferioris
Definition

Origin: Mandible

insertion: orbicularis oris

Action: depresses lower lip

Term
Buccinator
Definition

bucia: cheek

Origin: maxilla, mandible

Insertion: orbicularis oris

Action: flattens cheek (whistling)

Term
Occipitofrontalis
Definition

Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis (tendon)

Insertion: Eyebrow, forehead skin

Action: raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

Term
Temporalis
Definition

Origin: Temporal bone

Insertion: mandible

Action: elevates jaw, retracts chin

Term
Orbiculars Oculi
Definition

Origin: Frontal bone, maxilla

insertion: skin encricling eye

Action: closes eyelid

Term
Platysma
Definition

platys: flat

Origin: fascia covering deltoid, pectoralis major

Insertion: Mandible

Action: tenses skin when teeth are clenched, depresses mandible, helps depressor anguli oris

Term
Masseter
Definition

Origin: temporal bone

Insertion: mandible

Action: elevates jaw (biting, chewing)

Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition

Origin: Sternum, clavicle

Instertion: mastoid process of temporal bone

Action: Together, flexes neck, separately, laterally flexes, rotates neck

Term

Erector Spinae: spinalis (O:spinous process), longissimus (O:trnverse process), iliocostalis (O:ribs and ilium)

 

Definition

O: tendon arising at ilium, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

I: occipital bone, temporal bone, ribs, vertebrae

A: both side-extends vertebral column, extends head

one side- laterally flexes vertebral column

Term

External Oblique

 

Definition

O:5th-12th ribs

I:ilium, pubis, line alba

A: both- flexes spinal column, compress abs

one- rotate, laterally flex vertebral column

Term
rectus abdominus
Definition

o: pubis

i: xiphoid process

a: flexes spinal column, compresses abs

Term

internal oblique

 

Definition

O: iliac crest

I: 10th-12th ribs, linea alba

A: same as external obliques

Term
Transversus abdominis
Definition

O: iliac crest, intercostal cartilage of 7th-12th ribs

i: xiphois process, linea alba, pubis

a: compresses abs

Term
Diaphragm
Definition

O: none

I: xiphoid process, costal cartilage of inferior ribs, lumbar vertebrae

A; contracts to expand thorax (inhilation), relaces to shrink thorax (Exhalation)

Term
External intercostals
Definition

O: inferior border of ribs

I: superior border of rib below

A: elevates ribs during inhalation

Term
Internal intercostals
Definition

O: superiod border of ribs

I: inferiod border of rib above

A: depress ribs, active exhalation

Term

Tranverse perneus

 

Definition

O: ischial tuberosity

I: perineal body

A; stabalizes perineum

Term
Bulbospongiosus
Definition

O: Penis, perineal fascia

I: Perineal body, clitoris, penis

A: maintains clitoral or penile erection by compressing veins; aids in expelling last drops of urine or semen; constricts vagina

Term
Levator Ani
Definition

O: pubis, ischial spine

I: coccyx, urethra, rectum, perineum

A: aids defecation, stabalizes perineum

Term
Trapezius
Definition

O: occipital bone, C7, thoraci

I: Clavicle, scapula

A: elevates scapula, depresses scapula, retract scapula

Term
Rhomboid
Definition

O: T1-t4

I: scapula

A: retracts and rotates scapula inferiorly: used for forcible downward movement (hammering)

Term

Serratus anterior

 

 

Definition

O: superior ribs

I: scapula

A: boxer muscles

protracts and stabalizes scapula, shoulder moves down and forward, rotates scpula superiorly

Term
Pectoralis Minor
Definition

O: 2nd-5th ribs

I: scapula (coracoid process)

A: Protracts scapula

Term
Levator scapuli
Definition

O: C1-C4

I: scapula 

A: elevates  and rotates scapula inferiorly, fixes scapula

Term
Pectoralis Major
Definition

O: clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs

I: Humerus

A: adducts and medially rotates humerus, flexes humerus

Term
Deltoid
Definition

O:clavicle, scapula

I: humerus

A: abducts humerus, swings arms during walking, extend humerus

Term
Brachioradialis
Definition

O:Humerus

I: radius

A: flexes elbow

Term
Flexor/extensor carpi radialis
Definition

O: humerus

I:metacarpals

A: entends/flexes, abducts wrist, clench fist, 

Term
Flexor/extensor carpi ulnaris
Definition

O: Humeros, ulna

I: metacarpals

A: flexes/extends, adducts wrist

Term
Palmaris Longus
Definition

O: humerus

I: fascia

A: weak wrist flexor

Term
Flexor/extensor digitorum
Definition

O: humerus, ulna, radius

I: phalanges

A: flexes, extends four fingers 

Term
Gluteus Maximus
Definition

O: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx

I: iliotibial tract, femur

A: extends, laterally rotates hip

Term

Tensor Fascia Latae

 

 

Definition

O; Ilium

I: illiotibial tract

A; abducts, flexes hip

Term
Biceps femoris
Definition

O: Ischial tuberosity, lindea aspera of femur

I: fibula and tibia

A; flexes knee, extends hip

Term
Semitendinosous
Definition

O: Ischial tuberosity

I: proximal tibia

A: flexes knee, extends hip

Term

Semimembranous

 

Definition

O: ischial tuberosity

I: tibia

A: flexes knee, extends hip

Term

rectus femoris

 

Definition

O: iliac spine

I: patella, then the tibial tuberosity

A: extends knee, flexes hip

Term
Vastus lateralis/medialis/intermedius
Definition

O: femur

I: none

A: extends knee

Term
Tiblalis anterior
Definition

O: tibia, lateral condyle/body

I: 1st cuneiform and metatarsal

A: dorsiflexes, inverts ankle

Term
Fibularis Longus
Definition

O:Fibula, tibia

I:medial cuneiform and first metatarsal

A: everts ankle, keeps lef steady when balancing on one foot

 

Term
Gastrocnemius
Definition

O: femur, lateral medial condyles

I: calcaneus

A: plantarflexes ankle; raises heel when walking, flexes knee, important in running jumping

Term
Soleus
Definition

O: Fibula and proximal tibia

I: Calcaneus

A: platarflexes ankle, contracts alternately with leg extensor muscles to maintin balance when walking

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