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| the first election in which congressional caucuses did not choose presidential nominees; John Quincy Adams won |
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| groups of US Congressmen who chose presidential nominees prior to 1824 |
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| the phrase referring to Clay's appointment as secretary of state by Adams after Clay supported Adams in the presidential election |
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| originally founded by Jackson as a support party to oppose |
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| Jackson's method of trading jobs for political favors |
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| replaced Jeffersonian democracy; held the ideal of universal white manhood suffrage |
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| (1803) forcibly removed Indians and relocated them to select areas; thousands of Indians died during the relocation |
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| Jackson easily defeated Adams |
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| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Worchester v. Georgia |
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| (1831, 1832) cases in which the Supreme Court sided with the Cherokees, claiming that they could not be forced to relocate; Jackson ignored these decisions |
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| the doctrine that states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them unconstitutional |
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| the Supreme Court's (unique) power to declare laws unconstitutional |
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| (1803) the court case that established the precedent of judicial review |
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| Tariff of 1828 ("of Abominations") |
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| a tariff that the South vehemently opposed and threatened to nullify |
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| a tariff that South Carolina nullified; the conflict was resolved without addressing nullification |
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| an inventor whose inventions changed the US economy drastically |
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| (1793) invented by Eli Whitney; allowed seeds to be easily removed from cotton plants and made cotton production much more efficient |
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| invented by Eli Whitney; a method of making all parts of a product interchangeable and identical, greatly increasing the efficiency of mass production |
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| a result of interchangeable parts methods; labor was divided into steps, and workers were assigned to only one step; more efficient |
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| guaranteed employees housing, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events; a worker-enticement system |
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| a road connecting Maryland and West Virginia |
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| completed in 1825; connected the Great Lakes to New York |
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| ships that utilized the newly-invented steam engine |
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| first built during the 1830s; allowed trains to become an efficient method of transportation that would eventually replace canals |
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| a device that allowed long-distance communication using Morse Code |
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| the American idea that God gave them the right to expand westward (and sometimes further) |
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| (1836) a famous battle in the war between Texas and Mexico |
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| after Texas's separation from Mexico, Texas remained as a republic for 9 years until 1845 |
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| a territory disputed by both the Americans and the British |
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| the movement of thousands of people to California in an effort to find gold |
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| the allotment of money; in the Northern cities, a very large amount of money was distributed to the rich |
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| tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals |
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| laborers who worked at factories or low-paying crafts; lived just above the poverty line |
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| the large number of immigrants that came from Ireland and Germany in the 1840s and 1850s |
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| the theory that the slave system benefited all of its participants, including the slaves (because blacks were unable to take care of themselves) |
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| farmers who owned no slaves and worked a small tract of land |
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| descendants of slaves freed by their owners (or freed for having fought in the Revolutionary War); about 250,000 lived in the South |
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| special laws that restricted the privileges of free blacks, such as prohibitions on guns, liquor, and assembly |
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| settlers who did not buy land and simply claimed unoccupied lands as their own |
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| a common commercial enterprise on the frontiers |
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| a religious revival among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists; began in the 1790s and then spread throughout the country |
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| became extremely popular through the Second Great Awakening |
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| groups committed to banning alcohol |
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| gambling, lotteries, prostitution, alcohol |
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| things that reform groups aimed to eliminate after the Second Great Awakening |
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| penitentiaries, asylums, orphanages |
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| things that reform groups aimed to improve after the Second Great Awakening |
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| a group that tried to form a utopian society after separating from the Quakers |
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| a group that believed that humans contained elements of the divine; believed in man's potential to be perfect; included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau |
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| Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830; migrated to Salt Lake City, led by Brigham Young |
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| National Woman Suffrage Association |
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| (1869) an association to attempt to given women the right to vote; founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony |
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| (1848) a women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York; organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott |
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| a public education reformer; lengthened the school year, used the first standardized books, and established the first "normal school" for teacher training |
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| those who fought aggressively to abolish slavery |
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| those who wanted immediate emancipation of all slaves |
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| a prominent white immediaist who published the "Liberator" in 1831, a popular abolitionist newspaper |
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| a rule adopted by Congress to suppress discussion of slavery due to excessive congressional debate |
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| an escaped slave who became a gifted writer and renowned abolitionist |
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| helped more than 300 slaves escape |
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| a network of hiding places to help slaves esape |
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