southern

-predominant winter rainfall

-moderate but variable ambient temperatures and variable humidity

-high quality pastures

-no cattle ticks

nothern

-predominant summer rainfall

-high ambient temperatures and humidity

-moderate to low pastures

-water availabilty a problem

-cattle tick prevalent

nearly all premium cattle destined for supermarket chains are in lot feed _________ prior to slaughter

cheaper outlets will:

fast-food outlets use:

Nearly all premium cattle (270-360kg) destined
for the key supermarket chains in Australia are
lot fed for 70 days prior to slaughter.

– Cheaper outlets will market grass-fed product.

– Fast-food outlets use both.

-steers 380-500kg short fed 100 days in feedlot

-good meat color, fat color and cooking odor

-steers 380-500kg mid-fed for 180-250 days or long fed for >250 days requiring higher min marble scores of 2 and 3.

high quality for both home and restaurant consumption

[image][image]computer aided livestock marketing

-full specification online for buyers while animals reamin in paddock

national and international competition for product

Name 3 selling options for cattle other than CALM

1. regular auction

2. over the hoooks -selling directly to processor and being paid for the product as a carcass

3. private treaty

-on-farm sales

-over the hook sales

-stuf sales

-direct to feedlot

-forward contracts

benefits for producer

-on-property, farm-gate price

-reduced risk

British bos taurus

angus

hereford

shorthorn

galloway

devon

what are some of the examples of bos taurus? (european)

european are generally larger, leaner, and later maturing

tend to lay down fat in both subq and im depots only at heaviest body weights  (--> produce high muscle yeilding carcasses, but have to grown out to heavier liveweights before being sold)

Compare a bos indicus to a bos taurus

(in terms of carcass)

A common practice is to cross Bos Taurus breeds with Bos Indicus cattle.
why? to combine adaptational characteristics (e.g. tropical adapted Bos Indicus with the earlier maturing British breeds. takes advantage of heterosis or hybrid vigour
Similarly the larger leaner European cattle
are crossed with British breeds to combine
the carcass characteristics of each genotype (hybrid vigour not as apparent in this cross as they are not as evolutionarily divergent as indicus vs taurus)

What is an EBV?

and what would a 600day weight EBV +41kg mean?

Estimated Breeding Values (EBV) are
produced for a variety of different desirable
traits to assist in breeding selection

EBVs are expressed as the difference between an
individual animal’s genetics and the genetic base to
which the animal is compared.

 the animal is 41 kg genetically heavier at 600
days compared with the genetic base of the relevant
cattle population.

1.ribs become less visible;
2. tailhead softens, with mounds of fat
increasing beside the tail;

3. muscle seams of hindquarters

become covered with fat and are less
evident when cattle walk;
4. brisket, flank, cod and twist all fill
out, giving cattle a square appearance
compared with the roundness of leaner,
heavily muscled cattle.

what are 4 good points for manual fat assessment?

and why?

1. tailhead

2. short ribs

3. ribs

4. behind shoulder

b/c fat is readily differentiated from muscle at these points

animal is emaciated

ribs and short ribs are sharp

no fat around tailhead

hip bones, tailhead and ribs are prominent

no fat beside tailhead

short ribs and long ribs easily distinguished

spines feel rounded rather than sharp

hip bone and ribs are hard

ribs not longer visually obvious

short ribs prominent, rounded but still easily felt

ribs are easily felt using pressure to distinguish btwn them

fat that is easily felt covers either side of the tailhead

*ideal*

-cant feel short ribs

-fat cover around hip bone

-small mounds of fat around tailhead

-ribs hard to feel

-can't feel short ribs

-tailhead and hip bones buried in fat

-ribs appear wavy due to fat folds

-fat in brisket & udder, and sqauring off in flank area

-cant see short ribs

-tailhead and hips buried by large rounds of fat

-ribs are wavy due to fat folds

-brisket and udder heavy

-flank squared off and has blocky appearance

-animal can only walk and redcued mobility

*too fat*

describe the difference of stance of a heavy to light muscling

describe the difference in the visualization of the stomach from the hindquarters too

heavy muscling

-wide stance

-stomach no longer visible

light muscle

-narrow stance

-stomach is visible

NA- calve anytime, but peak in dry season

SA- calve fall or spring to best utilize available pastures

SA uses more breeding management

-may be paddock joined natural/synchronized

-may be synchronized and AI

--> CIDR (progesterone) 7 days, PGF (prostaglandin) on removal, estrus 2-3 days later

 National Livestock Identification System
– identifying and tracking
– from birth to slaughter

Why?
– to enable tracing of animals history and to
enhance Australia's ability to access markets
Electronic versions available (plus rumen pellets)

early weaning +cows have more time to recover before next calf

-calf suffers

earliest 6 weeks

late weaning +optimal growth in calves

-cow suffers

8 months better

-MLA's more beef from pasture program for SA

-pasture utilization module

-conducted at the request of the government

-they examined the adequacy of welfare and self-regulatory arrangements, types of livestock suitable for live export adn factors that contributed to the excess mortalities on the MV Cormo Express

-improved transport and processing and butchering/meat hygiene in destination countries

1. vet and stockmean on board to care for every animal

2. each animal has food and water on demand

3. each animal can lie down to rest

4. the air on board changed 2x as much as commercial airliner

5. special pens for sick animals to get special care

1. aspect

-facing N for maximum drying and minimum wind

2. soils

-impermeable clay layer to prevent effleunt (wastes) getting into water table

3. slope

-gradient of 3-4% to allow runoff

4. drainage

-effective collection, treatment and use of effluent

5. neighbors

-avoidance of populated areas due to odor

6. residues

-avoid the use of sights where yards and dips were located previously

7. stocking density (min 9m² per head)

8. feed troughs

-run N to S to max drying from sun

9. water troughs

-any overflow is outside yad

10. shelter

-from wind and sun

-changing the feed suddently to high level of grain change the flora of the rumen which change the pH (recall ketone bodies from cell bio 1)

-dehydration, metabolic acidosis, rumenitis, laminitis, liver abcess

what is responsible for 64% of all morbidity and mortality on feedlots?

what are the symptoms?

bovine respiratory disease (BRD)

-not eating/drinking, nasal discharge, fever, depression, coughing, labored breathing

stress

-from weaning, restraint, social reorganization, transport, nurtional changes

-antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

-vaccine for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
and pestivirus
-major outbreaks may require in antibiotics
in feed
-isolation/separation where possible

lameness

-usually affects more than one foot

-abscesses may require drainage and antibiotics

bovine viral diarrhea virus- rare in aus, fever/diarrhea/cough

fetal infection and loss

mucosal disease- diarrhea, resp. disease

ulcers in persistantly infected (PI) calves-may die or become poor/waste

what are some clostridial diseases of cattle?

how do we control?

– blackleg (Cl. chauvoei)
– tetanus (Cl. tetani)
– enterotoxaemia (Cl. perfrigens)
– black disease (Cl. novyi)
– malignant oedema (Cl. septicum)

easily controlled with a good vaccination
program

A: What are some causes of pink eye?

B: How do we treat?

C: how do we control?

A: keratoconjunctivitis caused by Moraxella
bovis

 irritation of eye by dust, sunlight and flies

B:requires antibiotic treatment

C: vaccine available