Term
| What is a breeding soundness evaluation? |
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Definition
-term used to describe the procedure adopted or performed to evaluate all the factors responsible for normal reproductive function
-done in both the male and female |
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Term
| Why do we do BSE's in the male? |
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Definition
-primarily to ID males who could negatively impact the repro performance of the herd, flock, or individual breeding, based on their inability to meet minimal threshold standards of fertility
-pre-purchase exams
-sale requirements
-infertility
-semen freezing or extending |
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Term
| What are the components of a male BSE? |
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Definition
-animal ID
-history
-purpose
-physical exam
-repro exam: internal and external
-scrotal circumference
-semen collection
-semen evaulation: motility and morphology
-classification
-culture: prepuce, penis,urethra, and semen |
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Term
| Where do we find an animal's ID? Why do we bother with it? |
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Definition
-legal position: ear tag, number, tattoo, markings, etc
-reference point for any future BSE: if semen quality inc or decc over the years |
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Term
| What are the important aspects of our history for a male BSE? |
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Definition
-libido
-previous BSE
-erection, intromission, and ejaculation
-infertility: individual or herd
-prior animal usage: shows, racing, hunting, field trials, etc
-prior illness |
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Term
| What are the three types of penile deviations? Which are more common? |
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Definition
-cork screw, ventral deviation, "S" Shaped
-cork screw and ventral deviations more common |
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Term
| What causes penile deviations? |
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Definition
| -one brack of the dorsal/apical ligament is shorter |
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Term
| When must we observe the bull in order to diagnose penile deviations? |
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Definition
| -must watch him breed the cow |
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Term
| How do we treat penile deviations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes AV shunts? What is it? How do we treat it? |
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Definition
-trauma
-dorsal erectile canal cannot retain blood to stay engorged
-no treatment |
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Term
| What are the important components to the repro hsitory of a stallion? |
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Definition
-breed/age
-medical history
-travel/show info
-prior illnesses
-how any mares did he breed last year/conception rate
-how are he and the mares managed reproductively
-previous BSE
-pastrue breeding or hand breeding
-is semen processed, extended, or raw
-teasing/breeding behavior |
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Term
| Why do we perform BSE's on dogs? |
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Definition
-routine before breeding
-assessment of infertility/subfertility
-seminal fluid cytology and culture
-AI
-preservation fo r future AI |
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Term
| The stallion, bull, ram, buck, and boar must be able to do what 4 things to pass a physical exam for a BSE? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we look for on external exam of the bull's scrotum? |
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Definition
-dermatitis: frostbite, fly, irritation
-symmetry
-shape
-trauma
-hernia
-orchitis
-epididymitis
-hydrocele |
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Term
| What are the components of our external repro exam of the bull? |
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Definition
-visual exam of scrotum
-palpation of the scrotum
-testicle
-sigmoid flexure
-measure SC
-palpation of the sheath and penis |
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Term
| How do we check for a hernia during exam of scrotum? |
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Definition
| -check inguinal rings on rectal exam |
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Term
| What do we look for on exam of the sheath in bulls? |
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Definition
-healed hematomas
-preputial abscesses: midway
-phimosis
-persistent frenulum
=fibropapilloma
-hair ring
-orf, pizzle rot = urethral process |
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Term
| What causes preputial abscesses in the bull? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -inability to extend the penis |
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Term
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Definition
| -inability to retract the penis |
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Term
| What complications do hair rings cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do penile hematomas occur? |
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Definition
| -dorsal part of sigmoid flexure |
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Term
| What issues do we look for on the penis? |
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Definition
-penline hematoma
-persistent frenulum
-fibropapilloma
-frost bite
-preputial avulsion |
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Term
| How are fibropapillomas usually attached to the penis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What commons causes an avulsion tear? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the prepuce attach? |
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Definition
| -at the orifice and hte glans penis |
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Term
| What mm are a part of the ruminant prepuce? What are the exceptions? |
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Definition
-protractor and retractor preputial mm
-exception: Brahma/crosses |
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Term
| What are the issues seen with the external genitalia in small rums? |
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Definition
-persistent frenulum
-preputial adhiesions due to trauma
-pizzle rot
-ulcerative balanoposthitis
-epididymitis
-cryptorchid
-hernia |
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Term
| What is special about small ruminant external genitalia when compared to large ruminants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are we looking for on a scrotal palpation in small rums? |
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Definition
-firmness
-consistency
-movable?
-symmetrical? |
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Term
| What are we looking for on an epididymis eval on a small rum? |
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Definition
-swelling
-abscess
-hardening areas
-epididymitis? |
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Term
| What are the major differences b/n the external and internal genitalia in the stallion when compared to rums? |
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Definition
-no sigmoid flexure
-no preputial opening |
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Term
| What are you evaluating on manual and visual exam of the equine testicle? |
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Definition
-testicular orientation
-testicular dimensions
-scrotal skin thickness
-testicular size, orientation, consistency (firmness) |
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Term
| When do we typically examine the penis of a stallion? |
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Definition
| -immediated after ejaculation b/c the stallion is more calm |
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Term
| What is the minimal scrotal width of a stallion? We also measure each testicle individualy. What is the purpose of these measurements? |
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Definition
->80mm
-measurements from each testicle for estimation of Daily Sperm Output |
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Term
| What are the differentials for scrotal enlargement? |
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Definition
-scrotum: scrotal edema, dermatitis
-testicular origin: trauma, neoplasia
-epididymal origin: epididymitis
-spermatic cord: orchitis, varicocele
-vaginal cavity: hydrocele, hematocele, pyocele |
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Term
| What are the typical abnormalities of the penis? |
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Definition
-trauma: penile hematoma
-neoplasia: sCC, melanoma, sarcoid
-phimosis
-paraphimosis
-priapism
-habronema: seasonal
-EHV3: equine coital exanthema |
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Term
| The location of penile hematomas in a stallion differs than in a bull. Where is it? |
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Definition
| -outside the tunica albuginea |
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Term
| Why do we examine the preputialdiverticulum of a boar? |
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Definition
| -could be contaminating the semen: infection, urine, whatever |
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Term
| Why do we measure scrotal circumgerence in bulls? |
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Definition
-strong relationship b/n the testis wt and sperm pdn (concentration)
-easier and more repeatable than length, width, and depth
-semen quality has a high correlation with SC
-highly heritable trait |
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Term
| In addition to sperm quality, what other important factors are associated with scrotal circumference? |
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Definition
-high heritability
-responds rapidly to selection pressure
-reliable predictor of onset of puberty
-male offspring mature sooner
-female offspring mature sooner |
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Term
| What is the minimum SC accepted for yearling bulls? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we measure testicular dimensions in a stallion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we look for on US exam of testicles? |
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Definition
-measurements
-echogenicity
-masses
-hematomas
-inflammaiton
-fluid accumulation
-testicular degen |
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Term
| What should be the US appearance of testicular parenchyma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are testicular dimensions used to calculate? |
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Definition
-(h,w,l) used to determine the estimated daily sperm output by using equations
-testicular V = 0.52 X H X L X W |
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Term
| Why do we take scrotal circumference in rams and bucks? |
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Definition
-positive correlation with testicular weight
-sperm production
-conception rate
-ovulation rate
-tweinning rate |
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Term
| How does SC vary between seasons in rams and bucks? |
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Definition
| -2-3cm smaller during off-season |
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Term
| LOOK AT THE CHARTS ON SLIDES 43 AND 44 |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the purposes behind an internal repro exam? |
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Definition
-eval internal genitalia
-pre-stim the bulls
-empty rectum to provide good contact for the probe |
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Term
| What are the methods of semen collection for a bull? |
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Definition
-AV
-rectal massage
-electro-ejaculation |
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Term
| What is the major method of semen collection for a stallion? How many samples do we take? Any additional steps? |
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Definition
-AV
-two ejaculates collected 1 hr apart
-have gel fraction so have o filter off before you can do motility |
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Term
| What are the methods fo semen collection used for the ram and buck? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the methods of semen collection in a dog? |
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Definition
-manual stimulation
-teaser bitch |
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Term
| What are the methods of semen collection in the boar? |
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Definition
-AV NOT EFFECTIVE
-gloved hand: require pressure on distal 3cm of penis
-electrojac |
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Term
| What are the methods of semen collection |
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Definition
-intravaginal sac or condoms
-vaginal sponges
-post coital vaginal aspiration
-electroejaculation: anesthesia
-AV |
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Term
| What are the primary abnormalities seen in the semen of a bull? |
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Definition
-shape of head and mid piece
-proximal droplets
-loose heads
-etc |
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Term
| What are the secondary abnormalities seen in the semen of a bull? |
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Definition
-tail defects
-droplets
coiled tails
-loose heads
-ec |
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Term
| What percentage of cells do we need ot be normal on a semen eval of a bull? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we use to stain semen for sperm morphology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color are viable sperm with eosin-nigrosin stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what magnification do you observe sperm morphology? How many cels do you count? |
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Definition
-100X with oil
-count at least 100 |
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Term
| What cells can you NOT see on exam of sperm to remain viable breeder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the requirements for a satisfactory potential breeder in genera? |
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Definition
-physically sound
-30% individual motility
-70% normal cells
-no WBC's |
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