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basal ganglia
basal ganglia
73
Anatomy
Graduate
03/17/2015

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Term
what are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra
Definition
pars reticulata, pars compacta
Term
what makes up the neostriatum/striatum
Definition
caudate nucleus, putamen
Term
what makes up the lentiform nucleus
Definition
putamen, globus pallidus
Term
the globus pallidus is also known as what (2)
Definition
paleostriatum, pallidum
Term
what makes up the corpus striatum
Definition
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
Term
what makes up the basal ganglia (3/5)
Definition
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
Term
the basal ganglia recieves information from where
Definition
sensory and motor cortices (areas 4,6,3,1,2) and related association cortices
Term
after receiving information from (sensory and motor cortices (areas 4,6,3,1,2) and related association cortices) where do the basal ganglia send information?
Definition
VA/VL thalamic nuclei
Term
after recieving information from the basal ganglia, where do the VA/VL thalamic nuclei send information
Definition
motor cortex (area 6)
Term
afferents to the basal ganglia: the cortex (sensory and motor cortices) sends information where (2)
Definition
intralaminar nuclei of hte thalamus, striatum (caudate and putamen)
Term
afferents to the basal ganglia: how does information from the cortex reach the striatum (caudate and putamen)
Definition
internal and external capsules
Term
afferents to the basal ganglia: the reticular formation sends information where
Definition
intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
Term
afferents to the basal ganglia: reticular formation sends what information to the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
Definition
regarding arousal and diffuse pain
Term
afferents to the basal ganglia: after recieving information from the reticular formation, the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus sends information where
Definition
striatum (caudate and putamen)
Term
afferents to the basal ganglia: the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus sends information to the striatum (caudate and putamen) via waht
Definition
thalamostriatal pathway
Term
connections btwn ganglia: striatum sends information to what structures
Definition
globus pallidus, substansia nigra
Term
connections btwn ganglia: striatum recieves information from what structures
Definition
substantia nigra
Term
connections btwn ganglia: striatum sends information to the globus palldius via what
Definition
striatopallidal pathway
Term
connections btwn ganglia: striatum sends information to the substantia nigra how
Definition
striatonigral pathway
Term
connections btwn ganglia: striatum recieves information from the substanstia nigra via what pathway
Definition
nigrostriatal pathway
Term
connections btwn ganglia: striatum recieves information from the substantia nigra through the nigrostriatal pathway traveling through what structure
Definition
pars compacta
Term
connections btwn ganglia: motor and premotor cortices send information where
Definition
subthalamic nucleus
Term
connections btwn ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus recieves information from the motor and premotor cortices, sending it to where next
Definition
substantia nigra and globus pallidus
Term
connections btwn ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus recieves information from what 2 structures
Definition
globus pallidus, motor and premotor cortices
Term
connections btwn ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus sends information to the globus pallidus via what
Definition
external and internal segments
Term
connections btwn ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus recieves information from teh globus pallidus via waht
Definition
external segment
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: the indirect pathway, without additional factors has what net effect
Definition
inhibition
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: the direct pathway, without additoinal factors has what net effect
Definition
propogation of information
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: the direct pathway with the substantia nigra included has what net effect
Definition
propagation of information
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: the indirect pathway with influence from the substantia nigra has what effect
Definition
propagation of information
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: cortex sends what signal to where
Definition
excitatory signal to striatum
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: striatum sends what kind of signal where
Definition
inhibitory to substantia nigra and globus pallidus internal segment
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: globus pallidus internal segment sends what kind of signal where
Definition
inhibitory to thalamus
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: the thalamus sends what kind of signal where
Definition
excitatory to area 6
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: area 6 sends what kind of signal where
Definition
excitatory to area 4
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: what does the substantia nigra do
Definition
by sending a excitatory signal to the striatum, the globus pallidus internal segment is inhibited further, preventing inhibition of the thalamus, allowing excitation of area 6
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: cortex sends what signal where
Definition
excitatory to striatum
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: striatum sends what signal where
Definition
inhibitory to globus pallidus external segment
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: globus pallidus external segemetn sends what kind of signal where
Definition
inhibitory to subthalamic nucleus
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: subthalamic nucleus sends what kind of signal where
Definition
excitatory to globus pallidus (internal segment)
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: globus pallidus internal segment sends what kind of signal where
Definition
inhibitory to thalamus
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: why does this pathway result in net inhibition
Definition
striatum inhibits globus pallidus external segment from inhibiting subthalamic nucleus, which allows excitation of the subthalamic nucleus to excite the globus pallidus (internal segment) which allows inhibhition of the thalamus, which prevents excitation of area 6
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: what signal is lost in huntington's disease
Definition
striatum inhibiting globus pallidus external segment
Term
efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: huntington's results in what being inhibited
Definition
the striatum does not inhibit the globus pallidus external segment resulting in inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus, which therefore does not excite the globus pallidus internal segment, resulting in the thalamus firing
Term
genetically transmitted disease associated with dementia, chorea, early death
Definition
huntington's disease
Term
huntington's disease is associated with what 3 S/S
Definition
dementia, chorea, early death
Term
huntington's: cognitive and motor symptoms first appear as what
Definition
clumsiness and slurred speech
Term
disease that results from loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra
Definition
parkinson's disease
Term
the loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substansia nigra associated with Parkinson's disease are specifcally located where
Definition
pars compacta
Term
Parkinson's disease: a lack of dopamine results in an increase in what pathways
Definition
cholinergic
Term
parkinson's disease is characterized by what (6)
Definition
hypokinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, difficulty initating movement, reduced/absent facial expression, lack reflex responses to perturbation
Term
hypokinesia
Definition
abnormal decrease in motor activity and mobility
Term
abnormal muscle tone characterized by resistance to passive movement
Definition
rigidty
Term
bradykinesia
Definition
slow movements
Term
contrary to cerebellar lesions, movements in parkinson's disease are what
Definition
accurate
Term
what does not occur in parkinson's that occurs in cerebral lesions
Definition
paralysis
Term
what may the role of striatal dopamine be
Definition
modulate AcH release
Term
the lack of inhibitory dopaminergic influence allows what to happen
Definition
excitatory Ach pathways to run wild
Term
what is the immediate precursor to dopamine
Definition
dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)
Term
dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier, what can
Definition
dopa
Term
dopa treatment especially improves what symptoms of parkinsons
Definition
bradykinesia, rigidity
Term
dopa is converted to dopamine by what
Definition
enzyme dopa decarboxylase
Term
excess discharge from basal ganglia produces what
Definition
slowing of movement (brady kinesia)
Term
lesions of the basal ganglia: excess discharge of the basal ganglia is often associated with what
Definition
dysfunctino of the substantia nigra
Term
3 characteristics of hypokinesia
Definition
increased muscle tone (cog wheel or lead pipe variety) difficulty initiating and stopping movements, abnormal postures
Term
reduced discharge from basal ganglia produces what
Definition
hyperkinesia/invountar movements
Term
hyperkinesia examples (4)
Definition
resting tremors, athetosis, chorea, ballism
Term
slow, writhing movements, that have a tendency to blend with one another to give the apperance of a continuous mobile spasm. These purposeless movements are most pronounced in the fingers, hand, face, tongue, and throat
Definition
athetosis
Term
characterized by brisk, graceful, sometimes complex involuntary movements affecting primarily the distal extremities and face. Movements are well coordinated and may resemble fragments of purposeful voluntary movmeent, but are never combined into a coordinated act.
Definition
chorea
Term
what 2 signs of hyperkinesia may be indistinguishable from each other
Definition
chorea and athetosis
Term
wild, flailing movements, usually seen on one side of the body
Definition
ballism
Term
what is primary in its importance regarding Huntington's? Motor impairment or emotional, cognitive, dementia
Definition
emotional, cognitive, dementia
Term
what is secondary in its importance regarding Huntington's? Motor impairment or emotional, cognitive, dementia
Definition
motor impairment
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