Term
| what are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra |
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Definition
| pars reticulata, pars compacta |
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Term
| what makes up the neostriatum/striatum |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what makes up the lentiform nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| the globus pallidus is also known as what (2) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what makes up the corpus striatum |
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Definition
| caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus |
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Term
| what makes up the basal ganglia (3/5) |
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Definition
| caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra |
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Term
| the basal ganglia recieves information from where |
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Definition
| sensory and motor cortices (areas 4,6,3,1,2) and related association cortices |
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Term
| after receiving information from (sensory and motor cortices (areas 4,6,3,1,2) and related association cortices) where do the basal ganglia send information? |
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Definition
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Term
| after recieving information from the basal ganglia, where do the VA/VL thalamic nuclei send information |
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Definition
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Term
| afferents to the basal ganglia: the cortex (sensory and motor cortices) sends information where (2) |
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Definition
| intralaminar nuclei of hte thalamus, striatum (caudate and putamen) |
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Term
| afferents to the basal ganglia: how does information from the cortex reach the striatum (caudate and putamen) |
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Definition
| internal and external capsules |
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Term
| afferents to the basal ganglia: the reticular formation sends information where |
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Definition
| intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus |
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Term
| afferents to the basal ganglia: reticular formation sends what information to the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus |
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Definition
| regarding arousal and diffuse pain |
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Term
| afferents to the basal ganglia: after recieving information from the reticular formation, the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus sends information where |
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Definition
| striatum (caudate and putamen) |
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Term
| afferents to the basal ganglia: the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus sends information to the striatum (caudate and putamen) via waht |
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Definition
|
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: striatum sends information to what structures |
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Definition
| globus pallidus, substansia nigra |
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: striatum recieves information from what structures |
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Definition
|
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: striatum sends information to the globus palldius via what |
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Definition
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: striatum sends information to the substantia nigra how |
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Definition
|
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: striatum recieves information from the substanstia nigra via what pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: striatum recieves information from the substantia nigra through the nigrostriatal pathway traveling through what structure |
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Definition
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: motor and premotor cortices send information where |
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Definition
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus recieves information from the motor and premotor cortices, sending it to where next |
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Definition
| substantia nigra and globus pallidus |
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus recieves information from what 2 structures |
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Definition
| globus pallidus, motor and premotor cortices |
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus sends information to the globus pallidus via what |
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Definition
| external and internal segments |
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Term
| connections btwn ganglia: the subthalamic nucleus recieves information from teh globus pallidus via waht |
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Definition
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: the indirect pathway, without additional factors has what net effect |
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Definition
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: the direct pathway, without additoinal factors has what net effect |
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Definition
| propogation of information |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: the direct pathway with the substantia nigra included has what net effect |
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Definition
| propagation of information |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: the indirect pathway with influence from the substantia nigra has what effect |
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Definition
| propagation of information |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: cortex sends what signal to where |
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Definition
| excitatory signal to striatum |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: striatum sends what kind of signal where |
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Definition
| inhibitory to substantia nigra and globus pallidus internal segment |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: globus pallidus internal segment sends what kind of signal where |
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Definition
|
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: the thalamus sends what kind of signal where |
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Definition
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: area 6 sends what kind of signal where |
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Definition
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: direct pathway: what does the substantia nigra do |
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Definition
| by sending a excitatory signal to the striatum, the globus pallidus internal segment is inhibited further, preventing inhibition of the thalamus, allowing excitation of area 6 |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: cortex sends what signal where |
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Definition
|
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: striatum sends what signal where |
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Definition
| inhibitory to globus pallidus external segment |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: globus pallidus external segemetn sends what kind of signal where |
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Definition
| inhibitory to subthalamic nucleus |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: subthalamic nucleus sends what kind of signal where |
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Definition
| excitatory to globus pallidus (internal segment) |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: globus pallidus internal segment sends what kind of signal where |
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Definition
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: why does this pathway result in net inhibition |
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Definition
| striatum inhibits globus pallidus external segment from inhibiting subthalamic nucleus, which allows excitation of the subthalamic nucleus to excite the globus pallidus (internal segment) which allows inhibhition of the thalamus, which prevents excitation of area 6 |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: what signal is lost in huntington's disease |
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Definition
| striatum inhibiting globus pallidus external segment |
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Term
| efferents from teh basal ganglia: indirect pathway: huntington's results in what being inhibited |
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Definition
| the striatum does not inhibit the globus pallidus external segment resulting in inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus, which therefore does not excite the globus pallidus internal segment, resulting in the thalamus firing |
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Term
| genetically transmitted disease associated with dementia, chorea, early death |
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Definition
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Term
| huntington's disease is associated with what 3 S/S |
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Definition
| dementia, chorea, early death |
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Term
| huntington's: cognitive and motor symptoms first appear as what |
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Definition
| clumsiness and slurred speech |
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Term
| disease that results from loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra |
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Definition
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Term
| the loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substansia nigra associated with Parkinson's disease are specifcally located where |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson's disease: a lack of dopamine results in an increase in what pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| parkinson's disease is characterized by what (6) |
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Definition
| hypokinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, difficulty initating movement, reduced/absent facial expression, lack reflex responses to perturbation |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal decrease in motor activity and mobility |
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Term
| abnormal muscle tone characterized by resistance to passive movement |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| contrary to cerebellar lesions, movements in parkinson's disease are what |
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Definition
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Term
| what does not occur in parkinson's that occurs in cerebral lesions |
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Definition
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Term
| what may the role of striatal dopamine be |
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Definition
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Term
| the lack of inhibitory dopaminergic influence allows what to happen |
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Definition
| excitatory Ach pathways to run wild |
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Term
| what is the immediate precursor to dopamine |
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Definition
| dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) |
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Term
| dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier, what can |
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Definition
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Term
| dopa treatment especially improves what symptoms of parkinsons |
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Definition
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Term
| dopa is converted to dopamine by what |
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Definition
| enzyme dopa decarboxylase |
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Term
| excess discharge from basal ganglia produces what |
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Definition
| slowing of movement (brady kinesia) |
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Term
| lesions of the basal ganglia: excess discharge of the basal ganglia is often associated with what |
|
Definition
| dysfunctino of the substantia nigra |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of hypokinesia |
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Definition
| increased muscle tone (cog wheel or lead pipe variety) difficulty initiating and stopping movements, abnormal postures |
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Term
| reduced discharge from basal ganglia produces what |
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Definition
| hyperkinesia/invountar movements |
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Term
| hyperkinesia examples (4) |
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Definition
| resting tremors, athetosis, chorea, ballism |
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Term
| slow, writhing movements, that have a tendency to blend with one another to give the apperance of a continuous mobile spasm. These purposeless movements are most pronounced in the fingers, hand, face, tongue, and throat |
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Definition
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Term
| characterized by brisk, graceful, sometimes complex involuntary movements affecting primarily the distal extremities and face. Movements are well coordinated and may resemble fragments of purposeful voluntary movmeent, but are never combined into a coordinated act. |
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Definition
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Term
| what 2 signs of hyperkinesia may be indistinguishable from each other |
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Definition
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Term
| wild, flailing movements, usually seen on one side of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| what is primary in its importance regarding Huntington's? Motor impairment or emotional, cognitive, dementia |
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Definition
| emotional, cognitive, dementia |
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Term
| what is secondary in its importance regarding Huntington's? Motor impairment or emotional, cognitive, dementia |
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Definition
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