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Basal ganglia Exam 5
exam 5 basal ganglia
49
Anatomy
Graduate
09/06/2010

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Term
akinesia:
Definition
greatly diminished or lack of movement
Term
bradykinesia:
Definition
abnormal slowness of movement, sluggishness
Term
dyskinesias:
Definition
aberrant movements, there are many types
Term
athetosis:
Definition
ceaseless occurance of slow, sinuous writhing movements performed involuntarily and especially severe in the hands
Term
chorea:
Definition
- ceaseless occurance of a wide variety of rapid, highly complex, jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are involuntary
Term
tremor:
Definition
rhythmic oscillating movements
Term
ataxia:
Definition
- unsteady movements, inability to coordinate voluntary movements
Term
asynergy:
Definition
- loss of coordination
Term
dystonia:
Definition
disorder of muscle tonicity, contortions of muscles of trunk and extremities are ususally related to postural defects like dystonia musculorum deformans
Term
basal ganglia influence movement ____. it does not directly project to motor neurons in spinal cord or brainstem. The basal ganglia influences output of ___ neurons through a series of ___ .
Definition
- indirectly
- cortical
- servo-loops
Term
Many areas of the cortex project to the striatum. The striatum projects to the ___ ___, which in turn sends inhibitory projections to the ___. The thalamus then sends ____ projections to the cortex.
Definition
- globus pallidus
- thalamus
- excitatory
Term
The major nuclei of the basal ganglia include:
Definition
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
Term
The putamen, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus all together are called the:
Definition
- corpus striatum
Term
the caudate and putamen together are called the :
Definition
striatum

CPS
Term
the putamen and globus pallidus together are called the:
Definition
lenticular nuclei aka lentiform

PGL
Term
The internal capsule is a sheet of ___ fibers that pass between the ___ and ____ ___.
Definition
- myelinated
- caudate
- lentiform nucleus
Term
the basal ganglia is part of the extrapyramidal system
Definition
Term
the caudate nucleus is the major site of ___ from the ___ and the ___ ___ ___.
Definition
- input
- cortex
- substantia nigra compacta
Term
the putament is major site of input from the __ and __ __ __.
Definition
- cortex
- substantia nigra compacta
Term
what 2 parts of the basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and substantia nigra compacta?
Definition
- caudate nucleus
- putamen

together these are called striatum
Term
The globus pallidus internum is the major source of ___ to the ___.
Definition
- output
- thalamus
Term
In the basal ganglia, what is the major source of output to the thalamaus?
Definition
- globus pallidus
Term
Midbrain important nuclei:
Definition
- subthalammic nucleus
- substantia nigra
Term
what divides the globus pallidus into the globus pallidus internum and externum?
Definition
- a medullary lamina
Term
The internal capsule is/is not part of the basal ganglia.
Definition
IS NOT
Term
The cortex, especially areas 4, 3, 1, 2, 6, sends excitatory input to the ___ which is made of the ___ and ___.
Definition
- striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
Term
the substantia nigra compacta sends excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the ____.
Definition
striatum
Term
The striatum sends inhibitory information to the ___.
Definition
globus pallidus
Term
what kind of information does the striatum send globus pallidus?
Definition
inhibitory
Term
The globus pallidus sends inhibitory information to the ___.
Definition
thalamus
Term
what kind of signals does the globus pallidus send to the thalamus?
Definition
- inhibitory
Term
list 3 diseases associated with the basal ganglia:
Definition
- Parkinson's disease
- Huntington's disease
- Hemiballism
Term
describe Parkinson's disease:
Definition
- progressive idiopathic neurodegenerative disease of basal ganglia
- onset is between 50 and 65 years of age (but can rarely be earlier)
- disease is due to a loss of darkly pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra/nigrostrial pathway
- bilateral degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum (nigrostriatal pathway
Term
what disease of the basal ganglia is caused by bilateral degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra to the striatum.
Definition
Parkinson's disease
Term
describe Huntington's disease:
Definition
bilateral degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the striatum that project to the substantia nigra (striatonigral pathway)
Term
describe Hemiballism:
Definition
contralateral damage to subthalamic nucleus

- subthalamic nucleus is blocked so you get flailing movements
Term
clinical signs of Parkinson's disease:
Definition
Tremor (pill-rolling, rhythmic)
Rigidity (cog-wheel type)
Akinesia / Bradykinesia
Often abnormal posture (Simian), equilibrium and autonomic dysfunctions
Masked facies (expressionless facial movements)
Slow, monotonous speech
Micrographia (small handwriting)

Note: Often there will be NO LOSS of mental capacity.
Term
Parkinson's is due to greater than ___% loss of ___ neurons in the ___ ___. This results in enhanced ___ of the ____, which ultimately under excites the ___ cortex.
Definition
- 80
- dopaminergic
- substantia nigra
- inhibition
- thalamus
- motor
Term
what is a drug treatment for PD that is helpul in early stages and how does it work?
Definition
- Muscarinic anticholinergics- useful in early stages
- normally, cholinergic interneurons control inhibitory dopaminergic neruons, but this is lost with PD, so
- this drug blocks muscarinic receptors which prevents the overactivity of cholinergic interneurons
Term
basal ganglia components:
Definition
putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
Term
Huntington's chorea is an autosomal ___ genetic neurodegenerative movement disorder of the ___ ___.
Definition
- dominant
- basal ganglia
Term
HD has both ___ and ___ components.
Definition
- cognitive
- mental
Term
onset of Huntington's disease:
Definition
- between 35 and 45 years old
Term
HD caused by a mutation of the Huntington gene on ____ _, whose function is unknown. This mutation leads to expanded ___ ____ repeat disease.
Definition
- chromosome 4
- CAG trinucleotide
Term
HD is due to a loss of striatal _____ and some ___ neurons in the ___ and ___ (striatonigral pathways)
Definition
- GABAnergic
- cholinergic
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
Term
symptoms of HD:
Definition
Choreaform “dancey / prancey movements ,”or rigidity if early onset due to loss of GABAergic neurons
Cognitive dysfunction
Psychiatric dysfunction - often depression
Term
Hemiballism is caused by a lesion to the ____ ____ nucleus, and is usually due to an ___.
Definition
- contralateral subthalamic
- infarction
Term
Symptoms of hemiballism:
Definition
- involuntary and large violent flailing movements of one extremity (arm or leg) on one side
Term
Hemiballism often ___ ___ afer several weeks.
Definition
- spontaneously resolves
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