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Baldwin MidTerm Vocabulary
Vocabulary for January Midterm
138
History
10th Grade
01/21/2010

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Term
culture
Definition
a people's way of life
Term
Paleolithic Age
Definition
Old Stone Age;

People were hunter and gathers
Term
Neolithic Age
Definition
New Stone Age;

People learned to domesticate animals and to farm
Term
Neanderthals
Definition
Early man, primarily a hunter-gatherer
Term
Nomads
Definition
People who

travel from place to place to live,

do not farm on land for long periods of time
Example: Bantus of Africa
Term
Hunter-Gatherer
Definition
People who do not farm, but subsist on animals or plants they hunt or gather
Term
Neolithic Revolution
Definition
Process where mankind learned to farm, created permanent settlements
Term
Domestication
Definition
Man learns to tame animals to do work or to provide food
Term
Civilization
Definition
Mankind develops permanent settlements, language, complex religions, organized governments. Early civilizations emerged-Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, and Yellow River Valley.
Term
Cunieform
Definition
Wedge shaped writing of Sumeria.
Term
Bronze Age
Definition
First metal age;

improvement of tools and weapons over Stone Age.
Term
Ziggurat
Definition
Multi-tiered temples of Sumeria in Mesopotamia.
Term
Sumer
Definition
First civilization on planet,

Based in Mesopotamia,

Polytheistic.
Term
Mesopotamia
Definition
Land between the rivers,

Tigris and Euphrates,

Today in central Iraq.
Term
Fertile Crescent
Definition
Fertile land that stretches from Mesopotamia across eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Nile River Valley,

Western civilizations emerged in this area.
Term
Irrigation
Definition
Man-made system to water crops and control flooding.
Term
City-state
Definition
A city that acted as its own independent country;

Emerged in Mesopotamia and was the primary political unit of Ancient Greece.
Term
Cultural Diffusion (Diffusion)
Definition
When two groups of people meet and interact, they share ideas and some new cultural idea will begin.
Term
Monotheism
Definition
Belief in one god;

Examples of Monotheism are:
Judiasm (Jewish people);
Christianity;
Islam (Muslim people).
Term
Polytheism
Definition
Belief in more than one god.

Examples include:
Hinduism (india)
Ancient Greeks (Greek Mythology)
Ancient Romans
Ancient Egyptians
Mayans
Aztecs
Incas
Term
Empire
Definition
A land or kingdom where a people conquered other peole and forced them to submit to their rule. Early empores included:
Egypt
Persia
Rome
Carthage.

Required advanced political, economic, and social institutions.
Term
Hammurabi
Definition
Babylonian King who created the first law code.

It was very "eye for an eye" justice and recognized differences in the classes of people.
Term
Egypt
Definition
Empire that existed along the banks of the Nile River;

It was an advanced civilization.
Term
Pharaoh
Definition
Egyptian king.
Term
Theocracy
Definition
Form of government based on religious laws.

King is usually a religious figure.
Term
Geography of Egypt
Definition
Land existed in a desert and the routine predictable flooding of the Nile river fertilized the soil.

Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh controlled the flooding of the river.
Term
Heiroglyphics
Definition
Egyptian pictographic writing.
Term
Pyramid
Definition
Tombs created by the Eqyptians to their pharaohs.
Term
Hittities
Definition
Ancient people of Mesopotamia first to learn to make iron weapons and tools.
Term
Phoenicians
Definition
Ancient people of the Fertile Crescent who created the first alphabet (22 Characters).

Known as the carriers of civilization.
Term
Moses
Definition
Jewish prophet who led the Jewish slaves out of Egyptian slavery.
Term
Jerusalem
Definition
Holy city to all three monotheistic religions...
Judiasm (Jewish People);
Christianity;
Islam (Muslim People);


Capital city of the Kingdom of Israel.
Term
Tribute
Definition
Conquered people had to pay tribute to their conquerors;

Persian kings required people to pay to avoid further destruction.
Term
Ten Commandments
Definition
A listing of essential principles of Judaism which was later adopted by the Christians.

The Ten Commandments outlined the main rules of behavior for people.
Term
Assyrians
Definition
An empire of people in Mesopotamia known for their creation of the first professional army.

They ruled the territory they conquered brutally and harshly.
Term
Persia
Definition
An empire based in what is today Iran.

They created an empire by conquering neighboring lands but allowed local rulers to stay in place as long as they paid tribute and accepted Persian rule.

They tied their provinces together through trade networks.
Term
Cyrus the Great
Definition
Great Persian King who created the empire.
Term
Darius
Definition
Cyrus' son who continued Persian rule and extended the empire.

Darius hated the Greeks and wanted to conquer them.

Invasion of Greece began the Persian Wars.
Term
Satrap
Definition
Persian colonial governor who answered directly to the emperor.
Term
Royal Road
Definition
Persian roadway system that tied it's land together through a network of roads maintained by tax money and tolls.
Term
Main ideas of Judiasm
Definition
1. monotheism (belief in one God);
2. 10 Commandments;
3. Jews are the chosen people and are promised the land of Palestine as long as they worshipped God.
Term
Zoroaster
Definition
Persian philosopher who believed that life was a constant struggle between the forces of good versus evil.

He influenced the ideas of Judiasm, Christianity, and Islam by creating the idea of a heaven (good) and a hell (evil) in an afterlife.
Term
Trojan War
Definition
Mythological war between the Greeks and Trojans over a woman named Helen.
Term
Homer
Definition
Blind Greek epic poet who told the story of the Trojan War...called the Ilian.

He also told the sotry of the return of one of the Greek kings from the war....Odyssey.

Both epic poems revealed what the Greeks felt were the most important characteristics to their culture.
Term
Epic Poem
Definition
Long tale told in verse.

Examples....
The Ilian
The Odyssey
Term
Myths
Definition
Greek and other ancient peoples stories that reveal important tales regarding their culture.

Usually describes the beginning and ending of the world.
Term
Geography of Greece
Definition
Numerous islands and mountains created individual city- states instead of their being one capital and an empire.
Term
City-States
Definition
Greeks called them polis.

Each city was it's own unique country with a different government.

They all shared simialr cultural ideas.
Term
Polis
Definition
Greek city-state.
Term
Monarchy
Definition
Form of government which is controlled by either a king or queen.
Term
Aristocracy
Definition
Form of government which is controlled by powerful noble families.
Term
Oligarchy
Definition
Form of government which is controlled by a small committee of powerful individuals.
Term
Phalanx
Definition
Greek military formation of foot soldiers.

Each soldier was armed with sword, shield, and spear.

The spears overlapped each other for protection.
Term
Helot
Definition
Spartan slave.
Term
Athens
Definition
Greek city-state known for it's;
cultural achievement...
The Brainy brother.

(smart)
Term
Sparta
Definition
Greek city-state known for it's military prowess....
The Brawny brother.

(strong)
Term
Democracy
Definition
Form of government which is controlled by the people.
Term
Persian Wars
Definition
Conflict fought between the Persians and Greeks over control of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Term
Delian League
Definition
Trade network controlled by the Greek city-state of Athens became an Athenian Empire and created enormous wealth for the Athenians.
Term
Pericles
Definition
Athenian ruler who expanded the idea of democracy.
Term
Peloponnesian War
Definition
Conflict between Athens and Sparta after the Persian War which destroyed Greek civilization and opened the door to envasion by the Macedonians.
Term
Socrates
Definition
Greek philosopher.
Term
Plato
Definition
Greek philosopher.
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Greek philosopher.
Term
Philip of Macedonia
Definition
King of Macedonia who conquered the Greek mainland after the destruction caused by the Peloponnesian War.
Term
Alexander
Definition
Son of Philip who created the largest empire of the ancient world after he took over from his father.

His empire stretched from Greece and Egypt in the west across the middle east to include Persia and India.

His rule created a new culture called Hellenistic Culture which combined elements of Greece, Egypt, Persia and India.
Term
Darius III
Definition
Persian king whose land was conquered by Alexander.
Term
Alexandria
Definition
Most amazing and advanced city of Alexander's empire.
Term
Hellenistic Civilization
Definition
New culture created as a result of Alexander's empire combined elements of Greek, Egyptian, Perian, and Indian culture.

It spread throughout the ancient world.
Term
Republic
Definition
Form of government in which people elect representatives.

Main form of government of ancient Romans.
Term
Patricians
Definition
Aristocratic people of ancient Rome.

They held the majority of the power and were the main landowners.
Term
Plebeians
Definition
Poor non-aristrocratic peole of ancient Rome.

They were small farmers, craftspeople, and laborers.
Term
Tribune
Definition
Senate member of the Roman Senate who was supposed to represent the rights of the Plebeians.
Term
Senate
Definition
Main body of Roman government and law-making body.

Made up of Patrician families.
Term
Dictator
Definition
Roman general who had the power to rule for short periods of time in cases of emergency.

He could by-pass the Roman Senate.
Term
Legion
Definition
Unit of Roman military and army.

Very powerful...made up of small landowners.
Term
Hannibal
Definition
Carthaginian general who hated Rome and wanted to destroy it.
Term
Scipio
Definition
Roman General who fought to protect and save Rome from Hannibal and the Cathaginian Army.
Term
Etruscans
Definition
People who used to rule the Romans before they gained their independence.

Romans learned a hatred of monarches and learned their ability to work metal from them.
Term
Punic Wars
Definition
Three separate wars fought between Carthage and Rome over the control of the Mediterranean Sea.

Rome won each war and eventually destroyed Carthage.
Term
Rome
Definition
Most powerful empire in the ancient world.

Began as a small indepedent city-state and eventually created an empire that made the Mediterranean Sea a Roman lake.
Term
Carthage
Definition
Rome's most powerful rival (enemy).

Carthage was defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars.
Term
Civil War
Definition
Rome's generals begin to fight against each other over control of Rome.

Rome never found a way to peacefully change power from one emperor to the next.
Term
Julius Caesar
Definition
Roman general who becomes "Dictator for Life."

His actions angered the Roman Senate who had him assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C.
Term
Augustus
Definition
Nephew of Caesar whose rule began the Pax Romana or Roman Peace.

He was the first emperor of Rome.
Term
Pax Romana
Definition
Roman Peace, a 200 year period of peace that represented Rome's Golden Age.
Term
Gladiator
Definition
Roman slaves who fought in the Coliseum.

It was a form of entertainment for the people.
Term
Bread and Circuses
Definition
Rome's welfare program where Rome's poor was offered free entertainment in the Coliseum and was given bread.

An attempt to keep Rome's poor happy.
Term
Jesus
Definition
Jewish leader who believed he was the Messiah.

His death created a new religion which became known as Christianity.
Term
Peter
Definition
Disciple of Jesus who helped create the religion of Christianity.
Term
Paul
Definition
Jewish traveler whose writing helped spread the religion of Christianity.
Term
Diaspora
Definition
The spreading of Jewish individuals across the Mediterranean world after the Roman conquest of Israel following Jesus' crucifixion.
Term
Pope
Definition
Leader of the Roman Catholic Church, ruled Europe like a Roman Emperor after the fall of Rome.
Term
Constantine
Definition
Roman Emperor who makes Constantinople the capital of the Roman Empire and makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Term
Christianity
Definition
New religion based on Judaism along with the idea that Jesus Christ was the Messiah-he was sent by God to die for the sins of mankind.
Term
Edict of Milan
Definition
Laws created by Emperor Constantine that forbade religious persecution and legalized the practice of Christianity.
Term
Diocletian
Definition
Roman Emperor who divided the Roman empire into two halves

1 - an eastern half with capital in Constantinople

2 - a western half with a capital of Rome.
Term
Constantinople
Definition
Capital of the eastern half of the Roman Empire.

It eventually became the Byzantine Empire.

It is the only majoy city to exist in both Europe and Asia.
Term
Attila the Hun
Definition
Mongol horseman who attacked the Roman Empire.

Created fear throughout the empire, sacked the capital city.
Term
Barbarian Invasions of Rome
Definition
Numerous Germanic tribes attacked the borders of the empire.

Roman legions could not keep their invasions out of the empire.

This led to Rome's collapse.
Term
Rome's Fall

(The Fall of the Roman Empire)
Definition
Rome was attacked by Barbarian groups;
Rome was attacked internally by civil war;
Corruption;
Noone cared about the state

Together the above are the causes of the fall of Rome.
Term
Aqueduct
Definition
Roman invention to move water using gravity in large stone bridge-like stuctures.
Term
Sahara
Definition
Largest desert in Northern Africa.

It isolated central Africa from the rest of the world.
Term
Savanna
Definition
Areas of Africa where there exists large grasslands.

The majority (most) of Africa's population of humans and animals live in the Savanna.
Term
Desertification
Definition
Process of fertile farmland becoming desert.
Term
Extended familiy
Definition
More than one generation of people living together.

Extended families are typical (common) throughtout Africa because many people rely on each other for their survival.
Term
Animism
Definition
Traditional religious belief in Africa where they believe that spirits exist throughtout nature and so do their ancestors (dead relatives).
Term
Nok Culture
Definition
Mother culture of Africa.

Based on the Bantu group called the Noks.

It is noted for it's animism and stone sculpture.
Term
Bantu Migration
Definition
Largest migration of people in human history.

Millions of Africans (Bantus) leave the areas of the north to areas of central and southern Africa to live, farm, and survive.
Term
Mesoamerica
Definition
Area of Central America between North and South America.

Where the Mayas, Aztecs, Toltecs, and Olmecs made their homer.
Term
Olmec
Definition
Mother culture of Mesoamerica.

Olmec are noted for their construction of large heads of stone.
Term
Monte Alban
Definition
First city in the Americas.

It is noted as a religious center.
Term
Chavin
Definition
Mesoamerican culture nted for it's religious contributions to later people.
Term
Nazca
Definition
South American people who made enormous carvings in the earth that formed various shapes that can only be seen from the air.

The carvings are believed to be offerings to their gods.
Term
Justinian
Definition
Greatest Byzantine Emperor.

He created a law code called Justinian's Code.

Justinian's Code was made up of old Roman law and legal traditions.

It preserved Roman Legal Traditions.
Term
Justinian's Code
Definition
Byzantine Law code made by Emperor Justinian.

It preserved Roman legal traditions.
Term
Hagia Sophia
Definition
Church of Holy Wisdom.

One of Justinian's greatest achievements....Christian church in Constantinople.
Term
Patriarch
Definition
Head of the Eastern Orthodox church in Constantinople.
Term
Icon
Definition
Religious figure used in Eastern Christian services to assist in the worship of God.

Hated by Roman Catholic Church officials, caused a split in the Christian Churches.
Term
Eastern Orthodox Religion
Definition
Christian Church based in Constantinople different from Roman Catholic church.
Term
Excommunication
Definition
Removal of someone from the Roman Catholic Church.

Once removed, the person cannot receive sacraments and they cannot go to heaven.

Excommunication is the ultimate power of the Church.
Term
Slavs
Definition
Slavic people (Balkan Peninsula).

Became early slaves.

They influenced Russia.
Term
Middle Ages
Definition
Time period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance.

Known as a time period called the Dark Ages or the Age of Faith.
Term
Viking Influence of Russia
Definition
Vikings found the trade cities of Kiev and Moscow.

They connected Russian trade networks of the north to the trade networks based around Constantinople.
Term
Franks
Definition
Early people of France.

Convert many people to Christianity.
Term
Monastery
Definition
Schools for monks.

Target for Viking invasions and attacks.

Known for production of Bibles through copying manuscripts by hand.
Term
Secular
Definition
Worldly or non-religious issues or thoughts.
Term
Carolingian Dynasty
Definition
Frankish kings beginning with Clovis and ending with Charlemagne's sons. Known for it's unification of much of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire and for spreading Christianity.
Term
Charlemagne
Definition
Charles the Great.

Frankish king who was crowned by the Pope signifying the superiority of the church over Europe's kings.

Spread Christianity.
Term
St. Benedict
Definition
Christian monk who reformed the Church by creating a rule of order to follow.

Most monostaries adopted these rules.
Term
Lord
Definition
Nobleman who grants a lesser nobleman a fief.
Term
Fief
Definition
Usually land given to a lesser lord in exchange for military service and taxes.
Term
Vassal
Definition
Lesser lord.

Receives a fief from a higher lord.
Term
Knight
Definition
European mounted warriors.

Knights followed the Code of Chivalry into battle.
Term
Serf
Definition
European peasant tied to the land and to his lord.
Term
Manor
Definition
Self-Sufficient farming community during the Middle Ages.
Term
Tithe
Definition
Church tax.

Usually 10% of a person's income.
Term
Vikings
Definition
Scandinavian warrior group who was known for
- their versitile ship-making abilities
their ships could handle...
the ocean,
travel deep up river, and
they could be carried, if necessary.

Vikings often targeted monasteries for their wealth and because Monks didn't fight back (easy target).

Vikings connected the areas of Europe together through trade networks.
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