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Bakkum - Neuroanatomy Spring Quarter 2010
Exam II
103
Anatomy
Professional
04/05/2010

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Term
Group A fibers (alpha beta gamma delta)
1. Myelinated?
2. Diameter?
3. Speed?
4. Function?
Definition
1. Yes
2. Large
3. Fast
4. Afferent proprioception, vibration, touch, pressure, prain and temperature. Somatic efferent.
Term
Group B fibers
1. Myelinated?
2. Diameter?
3. Speed?
4. Function?
Definition
1. Yes
2. medium
3. medium
4. Visceral afferent.
Preganglionic visceral efferent.
Term
Group C fibers
1. Myelin?
2. Diameter?
3. Speed?
4. Function?
Definition
1. No
2. small
3. slow
4. Afferent pain and temperature.
Postganglionic visceral efferent.
Term
Ia fibers
1. Receptor
2. Letter equivalent
Definition
1. Annulospiral ending of muscle spindle
2. A alpha
Term
Ib fibers 1. Receptor 2. Letter equivalent
Definition
1. Golgi tendon organ 2. A alpha
Term
II fibers
1. Receptor
2. Letter equivalent
Definition
1. Flower spray ending of muscle spindle
2. A beta and A gamma
Term
III fibers
1. Receptor
2. Letter equivalent
Definition
1. Pain and temperature receptors
2. A delta
Term
IV fibers
1. Receptor
2. Letter equivalent
Definition
1. Pain and temperature receptors
2. C
Term
Merkel's discs
Definition
Mechanoreceptors - touch.
Term
Pascinian Corpuscles
Definition

Mechanoreceptor - touch, pressure and vibration

[image]

Term
Meissner's Corpuscles
Definition

Mechanoreceptor - fine touch

[image]

Term
Ruffini Endings
Definition

 

Mechanoreceptors - Stretch

[image]

Term
End Bulbs of Krause
Definition

Unknown, but maybe cold receptors. Found in conjunctiva.

[image]

Term
Muscle Spindle
Definition
Mechanoreceptor - Stretch Receptor
Term
Golgi Tendon Organ
Definition
Tension receptor.
Term
Peripheral Ganglia of preganglionic parasympathetics
Definition
EW Nucleus, Lacrimal Nucleus, Superior/inferior Salivatory Nucleus, Nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor nucleus of X, Lateral Horn of spinal cord levels S2-4
Term
Nerve fibers of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (B fibers)
1. From EW nucleus
2. From lacrimal and superior salivatory nuclei
3. from inferior salivatory nucleus
4. from nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of X
5. from S2-4 spinal cord levels
Definition
1. CN 3
2. CN 7
3. CN 9
4. CN 10
5. spinal nerves S2-4 --> splanchnic nerves
Term
Parasympathetic postganglionic synapses near target organs
1. CN 3
2. CN 7 from lacrimal nucleus
3. CN 7 from superior salivatory nucleus
4. CN 9
5. CN 10 from nucleus ambiguus
6. CN 10 from dorsal motor nucleus of X (thoracoabdominal organs) and spinal nerves S2-4 (pelvic organs)
Definition
1. Ciliary Ganglion
2. Pterygopalatine ganglion
3. Submandibular ganglion
4. Otic ganglion
5. Cardiac Ganglia
6. Various ganglia
Term
Cholinergic postganglionic parasympathetic synapses (short C fibers)
1. from ciliary ganglion
2. from PP ganglion
3. from submandibular ganglion
4. from otic ganglion
5. from cardiac ganglia
6. from ganglia in or near the other thoracoabdominal and pelvic viscera
Definition
1. iris and ciliary muscle
2. lacrimal and nasal glands
3. submandibular and sublingual glands
4. parotid gland
5. heart
6. supply their respective organs
Term
Spinal Cord Segment
Definition
The portion of the spinal cord that is associated with each spinal nerve
Term
Dermatome
Definition
The area of skin supplied by all of the axons associated with a single spinal cord segment
Term
Conus medullaris
Definition
Inferior end of the spinal cord (L1 intervertebral disc)
Term
Cauda Equina
Definition
Longitudinally running spinal nerve roots below conus medullarus
Term
Ventral (or anterior) median fissure
Definition
Deep longitudinal groove in midline of anterior aspect of the spinal cord.
Term
Dorsal (or posterior) median sulcus
Definition
shallow longitudinal groove in midline of posterior aspect of the spinal cord.
Term
Ventrolateral (or anterolateral) sulcus
Definition
Indistinct, on both sides, corresponds to location of ventral root attachment.
Term
Dorsolateral (or posterolateral) sulcus
Definition
On each side, indistinct groove, corresponds to the location of attachment of dorsal roots
Term
Dorsal (or posterior) intermediate sulcus
Definition
found in cervical regions. Divids posterior funiculus into 2 regions - one that is tractus gracilis (medial) and tractus cuneatus (lateral).
Term
Ventral horns
Definition
Motor only
Term
lateral horns (AKA intermediolateral cell columns)
Definition
Preganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies.
Term
Funiculus
Definition
Anatomic region of white matter. (2 dorsal, 2 lateral, 2 ventral)
Term
Fasciculus (tract)
Definition
bundle of longitudinally running functionally related nerve fibers.
Ascending tracts include: Dorsal columns (DCML - dorsal column-medial lemniscus system) which includes the tractus gracilis and tractus cuneatus, the spinothalamic tract, and the spinocerebellar tracts (ventral and dorsal)
Descending tracts (motor) include:
Lateral corticospinal (pyrimidal) tract and the ventral corticospinal tract
Term
Propriospinal tract (fasciculus proprius)
Definition
Thin layer of white matter immediately surrounding gray matter. Coordinates behavior controlled by multiple spinal cord levels such as REFLEXES.
Term
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML)
1. Ascending or descending?
2. What information is carried?
3. Lower body information carried via
4. Upper body information carried via
5. Neurons travel up the spinal cord and to medulla on the ___ side
6. Fibers decussate in the
7. after second order fibers have decussated they are known as the
8. Cell bodies of third order neuron in the ______ of the _____
9. Fibers go up to the primary ________ cortex, or Brodmann's areas 1,2,3 and S1.
10. Located in the _____ gyrus of the _____lobe
Definition
1. Ascending
2. fine touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception
3. Tractus (fasciculus) gracilis
4. Tractus (fasciculus) cuneatus
5. ipsilateral
6. Medulla
7. medial lemniscus
8. VPL of thalamus
9. sensory
10. postcentral, parietal
Term
Spinothalamic tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. Carries what information?
3. Decussates where?
4. Before decussating, first order neurons enter the _____ and synapse on second order neurons in the _____
5. Third order neurons have cell bodies in the ______ of the ______
6. Go up to the ______ cortex (Brodmann's areas ______) which is in the ______ gyrus
Definition
1. Ascending
2. Pain, temperature, crude touch
3. right away in the spinal cord (ventral white commissure)
4. Ipsilateral dorsal horn, substantia gelatinosa
5. VPL, thalamus (same as DCML system
6. Primary Sensory, (1,2,3, S1)
Postcentral
Term
Dorsal SpinoCerebellar tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. What kind of information?
3. where decussates?
Definition
1.Ascending
2. UNconscious proprioception from lower extremeties and lower half of trunk
3. NEVER decussates
Term
Ventral spinocerebellar tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. What information carried?
3. Decussates where?
Definition
1. Ascending
2. UNconscious proprioception from lower extremities and lower half of trunk
3. Decussates right away in spinal cord, travels up contralaterally and then RE-DECUSSATES in the cerebellum
Term
cuneocerebellar tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. Carries what information?
3. Decussates where?
Definition
1. Ascending
2. UNconscious proprioception from the UPPER extremities and upper half of the trunk
3. never
Term
Lateral Corticispinal Tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. What information carried?
3. Decussates where?
Definition
1. descending
2. Voluntary motor information (uses only 2 neurons (upper and lower motor)
3. 85% of upper motor neurons decussate at the pyramids in medulla (this is the LATERAL corticospinal tract). The other 15% do not decussate until they get to the spinal cord level (this is the VENTRAL corticospinal tract).
Thus, no signs or symptoms from damage to ventral corticospinal tract because you still have 85% of the neurons connecting in the lateral corticospinal tract.
Term
Muscle Spindle Reflex (aka monosynaptic, deep tendon, myotatic, and stretch)
1. Afferent limb of arc formed by
2. Efferent limb of arc formed by
3. How many synapses in this reflex?
4. Effect?
5. Stimulated by?
Definition
1. Ia fibers from the muscle spindle
2. Fibers of the alpha motor neurons
3. 1 synapse (2 neurons) (fastest reflex)
4. Contracts muscle
5. Stretch
Term
Golgi tendon reflex
1. How many synapses?
2. Afferent limb of the arc formed by
3. Synapse on _____ in the dorsal horn
4. These interneurons will have ______ effect on alpha motor neurons in ventral horn
5. Efferent limb of the arc formed by
6. Effect?
7. Stimulated by?
Definition
1. 2 synapses (3 neurons)
2. Ib fibers from the Golgi tendon organ
3. interneurons
4. inhibitory
5. fibers of alpha motor neurons
6. Relaxes muscle
7. tension
Term
Flexor (aka withdrawal) reflex
1. How many synapses?
2. Stimulated by?
3. Afferent limb of the arc formed by
4. Synapse on _____ in ipsilateral dorsal horn then cross to venral horn
5. Interneurons have a(n) _______ effect on alpha motor neurons
6. Efferent limb of the arc formed by
7. Effect?
Definition
1. 2 synapses (3 neurons)
2. Painful cutaneous stimulus (i.e. finger on hot stove)
3. A delta and C fibers from cutaneous receptors
4. Interneurons
5. excitatory
6. Fibers of the alpha motor neurons
7. Causes muscles to contract and withdraw body part from painful stimulus.
Term
CN XII - Hypoglossal n
Definition
Hypoglossal nucleus, motor to tongue
Term
CN V (Trigeminal)
1. Sensory nuclei
2. Motor nuclei
Definition
1. Mesencephalic nucleus, chief nucleus, V spinal nucleus, trigeminal (gasserian) ganglion
2. Motor nucleus of V
Term
The only pseudounipolar cell bodies in the CNS are located in the _____
Definition
mesencephalic nucleus of V
Term
Touch sensation (from V) in head to THIS nucleus:
Definition
VPM nucleus
Term
CN VII Facial n
Touch to ear - uses this nucleus
Definition
Trigeminal spinal nucleus (then continues to VPM nucleus in thalamus)
Term
CN VII
taste nucleus (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
Definition
solitary nucleus
Term
CN VII
Motor nucleus
I.e. orbiculari oculi, facial expression, stapedius muscle etc
Definition
Motor Nucleus of VII
Term
CN VII parasympathetic nucleus
Definition
superior salivatory nucleus (including lacrimal nucleus). ANY taste ends up in solitary nucleus
Term
Touch to anterior 2/3 of tongue is carried by this nerve:
Definition
CN V
Term
Glossopharyngeal N. CN IX
Touch. What nucleus?
Definition
V spinal nucleus
Term
Taste from CN IX, which nucleus?
Definition
Solitary Nucleus
Term
Interoceptive (i.e. baroreceptors and chemoreceptors) from CN IX, nucleus??
Definition
SOLITARY nucleus
Term
motor IX nucleus? goes to only stylopharyngeus muscle
Definition
Ambiguus nucleus
Term
Parasympathetic IX nucleus?
Definition
Inferior salivatory nucleus. From otic ganglion supply parotid gland.
Term
superior ganglion of IX
Definition
pain temperature and touch (external ear)
Term
inferior ganglion of IX
Definition
pain tempterature and touch in posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, and dura mater
Term
CN X touch: pain, temperature and touch in external ear. What nucleus?
Definition
Superior ganglia of X. V spinal nucleus.
Term
CN X touch: pain, temperature, touch in larynx and esophagus. What nucleus?
Definition
Inferior ganglion of XV spinal nucleus.
Term
CN X taste nucleus
Definition
solitary nucleus, from inferior ganglion of X
Term
CN X interoception (chemoreceptors/baroreceptors) nucleus
Definition
solitary nucleus
Term
CN X motor to palate muscles, pharyngeal muscles, and laryngeal muscles, what nucleus?
Definition
Ambiguus nucleus
Term
CN X parasympathetic to heart, nucleus?
Definition
Dorsal motor nucleus of X.
Also postganglionic parasympathetics to gut. (efferent limb of GAG reflex. Remember IX has afferent limb)
Term
Spinal accessory N. (CN XI)
Motor nucleus of spinal root?
Supplies sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle.
Definition
Accessory Nucleus
Term
Spinal accessory N. (CN XI)
Motor nucleus of cranial root?
Definition
Ambiguus Nucleus
Term
Reticular Nuclei (non-specific thalamus)
Definition
help to regulate all the other nuclei of thalamus. (inhibitory)
Term
midline nucleus (non-specific thalamus)
Definition
help to regulate visceral and affective responses to sensation (emotional connection)
Term
Intralaminar nuclei (non-specific nuclei of thalamus)
Definition
General stimulation of the cerebral cortex (for purposes of wakefulness and consciousness)
Term
LGN (specific)
Definition
visual nucleus
Term
MGN (specific)
Definition
auditory nucleus
Term
VPL nucleus(specific)
Definition
Touch information from body BELOW the head
Term
VPM nucleus(specific)
Definition
Touch information from head
Term
VA and VL nuclei (specific)
Definition
planning motor commands
Term
Dorsal tier (pulvinar, lateral dorsal, and lateral posterior nuclei) (associated nucleus of thalamus)
***PULVINAR is most posterior nucleus in thalamus and receives VISUAL information from superior colliculus and pretectal area.
Definition
formulation of complex behavioral responses, especially in response to visual information.
Term
Dorsomedial nucleus (association)
Definition
help formulate behavioral responses involving decisions based on predictions and incentives
Term
Anterior nucleus (association)
Definition
involved in memory (circuit of Papez)
Term
Subthalamic nucleus (in subthalamus)
Definition
Involved in motor control. A lesion in one side will cause hemiballism (spontaneous involuntary movements on opposite side of lesion)
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
Pineal gland, indirect photic stimulation, melatonin, circadian rhythms, brain sand (midline marker).

Posterior commissure is NOT part of epithalamus, but is directly below the pineal gland so than a pineal gland can disrupt fibers in the posterior commissure causing a vertical gaze defect.
Term
Molecular layer of cortex
Definition
Horizontal cells, pyramidal cell dendrites. Pia mater attached to superficial surface.
Term
External granular layer of cortex
Definition
Interneurons, some small pyramidal cells
Term
External pyramidal layer of cortex
Definition
pyramidal cells, association and commissural fibers
Term
Internal granular layer of cortex
Definition
Stellate cells, few pyramidal cells. (well developed in primary visual cortex)
Term
Internal pyramidal layer of cortex
Definition
large pyramidal cells (Betz cells in primary motor cortex), projection axons to spinal cord, brain stem, and basal ganglia.
Term
Multiform layer of cortex
Definition
fusiform cells, some pyramidal and interneurons. Many axons of fusiform cells to thalamus. Adjacent to subcortical white matter.
Term
Outer line of Baillarger is known as...
Definition
The line of Gennari and is viewable with the naked eye.
Term
Input to cerebral cortex to layers...
Definition
I - IV (visual information from LGN mostly goes to layer IV).
Term
Output from cerebral cortex leave from layers...
Definition
III, V, and VI. Information going to other cortical regions mostly leaves from layer III. Information going to thalamus mostly leaves from layer VI. Fibers going to other subcortical targets OTHER THAN THE THALAMUS, i.e. corticospinal fibers, mostly arise from cells in layer V.
Term
Primary Somatosensory area brodmanns area
Definition
3,1,2, sometimes known as S1. located in postcentral gyrus. Sensory homunculus.
Term
Secondary somatosensory brodmanns
Definition
S2. Involved in less discriminatory aspects of sensation.
Term
Somatosensory association cortex (BMA). lesion?
Definition
5 and 7. Lesion causes tactile agnosia (can't recognize familiar objects with touch) Also can get astereognosis (no spatial awareness of body part relations and can lead to cortical neglect where brain ignores 1 side of body and VF. BMA 7 also includes parietal eye field which is involved in influencing eye saccades.
Term
Primary visual cortex area (striate cortex) BMA? Lesion?
Definition
17. Lesion causes homonymous hemianopia on opposite side of lesion.
Term
Visual association cortex (BMA?) Lesion?
Definition
18 and 19. Receives info from 17 and also PULVINAR of thalamus. Lesion can cause visual agnosias.
Term
Primary auditory area (BMA?) What gyrus is it in? Function? Lesion?
Definition
41 and 42. In Heschl's gyri. Receives input from MGN. Lesion results in inability to interpret complex combinations of sounds.
Term
Auditory association cortex (BMA?) Function? Lesion?
Definition
22. Receives info from primary auditory cortex and also pulvinar. Bilateral function and is asymmetrical. Lesion of left side usually causes receptive aphasia. Right side lesion associated with audition and cause auditory agnosia (inability to identify and respond to complex sounds)
Term
Primary taste area (BMA?) Function?
Definition
43. Receives info from VPM nucleus of thalamus.
Term
Primary olfactory area (piriform cortex) Uncus BMA? Entorhinal area BMA?
Definition
Uncus = 34
Entorhinal area = 28.
Does NOT go through thalamus!
Term
Primary motor area. (BMA?)
Precentral hyrus. Function?
Definition
4. Receives input from primary sensory cortex, premotor areas, VL nucleus of thalamus. Outputs to pyramidal system (corticospinal tract and corticonuclear tract). Motor homunculus. Supplemental motor area (6) contains supplemental eye field which influences eye saccades.
Term
Premotor area (BMA?). Function? Lesion?
Definition
6. Initiates skilled voluntary actions. Lesion causes apraxia, which is an impairment in the performance of skilled movements and can cause agraphia.
Term
Frontal eye fields (BMA?) Function? Lesion?
Definition
Mostly 8, but may include 6 and 9. Controls voluntary conjugate saccadic movements of eyes. Lesion will cause eyes to involuntarily tract and converge.
Term
Prefrontal portion of the brian (BMA?) Function?
Definition
9, 10, 11, and 12. Makes us "human", i.e. monitoring behaviors, conscience, foresight and predictions, abstract concepts. Surgically removed to treat mental illness.
Term
Wernicke's area BMA?
Definition
22, sometimes also 39 and 40.
Term
Broca's area BMA?
Definition
44 and 45.
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