Term
Group A fibers (alpha beta gamma delta)
1. Myelinated?
2. Diameter?
3. Speed?
4. Function? |
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Definition
1. Yes
2. Large
3. Fast
4. Afferent proprioception, vibration, touch, pressure, prain and temperature. Somatic efferent. |
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Term
Group B fibers
1. Myelinated?
2. Diameter?
3. Speed?
4. Function? |
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Definition
1. Yes
2. medium
3. medium
4. Visceral afferent.
Preganglionic visceral efferent. |
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Term
Group C fibers
1. Myelin?
2. Diameter?
3. Speed?
4. Function? |
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Definition
1. No
2. small
3. slow
4. Afferent pain and temperature.
Postganglionic visceral efferent. |
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Term
Ia fibers
1. Receptor
2. Letter equivalent |
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Definition
1. Annulospiral ending of muscle spindle
2. A alpha |
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Term
| Ib fibers 1. Receptor 2. Letter equivalent |
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Definition
| 1. Golgi tendon organ 2. A alpha |
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Term
II fibers
1. Receptor
2. Letter equivalent |
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Definition
1. Flower spray ending of muscle spindle
2. A beta and A gamma |
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Term
III fibers
1. Receptor
2. Letter equivalent |
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Definition
1. Pain and temperature receptors
2. A delta |
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Term
IV fibers
1. Receptor
2. Letter equivalent |
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Definition
1. Pain and temperature receptors
2. C |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanoreceptors - touch. |
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanoreceptor - touch, pressure and vibration
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanoreceptor - fine touch
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanoreceptors - Stretch
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
Unknown, but maybe cold receptors. Found in conjunctiva.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mechanoreceptor - Stretch Receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Peripheral Ganglia of preganglionic parasympathetics |
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Definition
| EW Nucleus, Lacrimal Nucleus, Superior/inferior Salivatory Nucleus, Nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor nucleus of X, Lateral Horn of spinal cord levels S2-4 |
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Term
Nerve fibers of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (B fibers)
1. From EW nucleus
2. From lacrimal and superior salivatory nuclei
3. from inferior salivatory nucleus
4. from nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of X
5. from S2-4 spinal cord levels |
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Definition
1. CN 3
2. CN 7
3. CN 9
4. CN 10
5. spinal nerves S2-4 --> splanchnic nerves |
|
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Term
Parasympathetic postganglionic synapses near target organs
1. CN 3
2. CN 7 from lacrimal nucleus
3. CN 7 from superior salivatory nucleus
4. CN 9
5. CN 10 from nucleus ambiguus
6. CN 10 from dorsal motor nucleus of X (thoracoabdominal organs) and spinal nerves S2-4 (pelvic organs) |
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Definition
1. Ciliary Ganglion
2. Pterygopalatine ganglion
3. Submandibular ganglion
4. Otic ganglion
5. Cardiac Ganglia
6. Various ganglia |
|
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Term
Cholinergic postganglionic parasympathetic synapses (short C fibers)
1. from ciliary ganglion
2. from PP ganglion
3. from submandibular ganglion
4. from otic ganglion
5. from cardiac ganglia
6. from ganglia in or near the other thoracoabdominal and pelvic viscera |
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Definition
1. iris and ciliary muscle
2. lacrimal and nasal glands
3. submandibular and sublingual glands
4. parotid gland
5. heart
6. supply their respective organs |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the spinal cord that is associated with each spinal nerve |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The area of skin supplied by all of the axons associated with a single spinal cord segment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inferior end of the spinal cord (L1 intervertebral disc) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Longitudinally running spinal nerve roots below conus medullarus |
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Term
| Ventral (or anterior) median fissure |
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Definition
| Deep longitudinal groove in midline of anterior aspect of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| Dorsal (or posterior) median sulcus |
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Definition
| shallow longitudinal groove in midline of posterior aspect of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| Ventrolateral (or anterolateral) sulcus |
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Definition
| Indistinct, on both sides, corresponds to location of ventral root attachment. |
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Term
| Dorsolateral (or posterolateral) sulcus |
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Definition
| On each side, indistinct groove, corresponds to the location of attachment of dorsal roots |
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Term
| Dorsal (or posterior) intermediate sulcus |
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Definition
| found in cervical regions. Divids posterior funiculus into 2 regions - one that is tractus gracilis (medial) and tractus cuneatus (lateral). |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral horns (AKA intermediolateral cell columns) |
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Definition
| Preganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anatomic region of white matter. (2 dorsal, 2 lateral, 2 ventral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bundle of longitudinally running functionally related nerve fibers.
Ascending tracts include: Dorsal columns (DCML - dorsal column-medial lemniscus system) which includes the tractus gracilis and tractus cuneatus, the spinothalamic tract, and the spinocerebellar tracts (ventral and dorsal)
Descending tracts (motor) include:
Lateral corticospinal (pyrimidal) tract and the ventral corticospinal tract |
|
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Term
| Propriospinal tract (fasciculus proprius) |
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Definition
| Thin layer of white matter immediately surrounding gray matter. Coordinates behavior controlled by multiple spinal cord levels such as REFLEXES. |
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Term
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML)
1. Ascending or descending?
2. What information is carried?
3. Lower body information carried via
4. Upper body information carried via
5. Neurons travel up the spinal cord and to medulla on the ___ side
6. Fibers decussate in the
7. after second order fibers have decussated they are known as the
8. Cell bodies of third order neuron in the ______ of the _____
9. Fibers go up to the primary ________ cortex, or Brodmann's areas 1,2,3 and S1.
10. Located in the _____ gyrus of the _____lobe |
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Definition
1. Ascending
2. fine touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception
3. Tractus (fasciculus) gracilis
4. Tractus (fasciculus) cuneatus
5. ipsilateral
6. Medulla
7. medial lemniscus
8. VPL of thalamus
9. sensory
10. postcentral, parietal |
|
|
Term
Spinothalamic tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. Carries what information?
3. Decussates where?
4. Before decussating, first order neurons enter the _____ and synapse on second order neurons in the _____
5. Third order neurons have cell bodies in the ______ of the ______
6. Go up to the ______ cortex (Brodmann's areas ______) which is in the ______ gyrus |
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Definition
1. Ascending
2. Pain, temperature, crude touch
3. right away in the spinal cord (ventral white commissure)
4. Ipsilateral dorsal horn, substantia gelatinosa
5. VPL, thalamus (same as DCML system
6. Primary Sensory, (1,2,3, S1)
Postcentral |
|
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Term
Dorsal SpinoCerebellar tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. What kind of information?
3. where decussates? |
|
Definition
1.Ascending
2. UNconscious proprioception from lower extremeties and lower half of trunk
3. NEVER decussates |
|
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Term
Ventral spinocerebellar tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. What information carried?
3. Decussates where? |
|
Definition
1. Ascending
2. UNconscious proprioception from lower extremities and lower half of trunk
3. Decussates right away in spinal cord, travels up contralaterally and then RE-DECUSSATES in the cerebellum |
|
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Term
cuneocerebellar tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. Carries what information?
3. Decussates where? |
|
Definition
1. Ascending
2. UNconscious proprioception from the UPPER extremities and upper half of the trunk
3. never |
|
|
Term
Lateral Corticispinal Tract
1. Ascending or descending?
2. What information carried?
3. Decussates where? |
|
Definition
1. descending
2. Voluntary motor information (uses only 2 neurons (upper and lower motor)
3. 85% of upper motor neurons decussate at the pyramids in medulla (this is the LATERAL corticospinal tract). The other 15% do not decussate until they get to the spinal cord level (this is the VENTRAL corticospinal tract).
Thus, no signs or symptoms from damage to ventral corticospinal tract because you still have 85% of the neurons connecting in the lateral corticospinal tract. |
|
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Term
Muscle Spindle Reflex (aka monosynaptic, deep tendon, myotatic, and stretch)
1. Afferent limb of arc formed by
2. Efferent limb of arc formed by
3. How many synapses in this reflex?
4. Effect?
5. Stimulated by? |
|
Definition
1. Ia fibers from the muscle spindle
2. Fibers of the alpha motor neurons
3. 1 synapse (2 neurons) (fastest reflex)
4. Contracts muscle
5. Stretch |
|
|
Term
Golgi tendon reflex
1. How many synapses?
2. Afferent limb of the arc formed by
3. Synapse on _____ in the dorsal horn
4. These interneurons will have ______ effect on alpha motor neurons in ventral horn
5. Efferent limb of the arc formed by
6. Effect?
7. Stimulated by? |
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Definition
1. 2 synapses (3 neurons)
2. Ib fibers from the Golgi tendon organ
3. interneurons
4. inhibitory
5. fibers of alpha motor neurons
6. Relaxes muscle
7. tension |
|
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Term
Flexor (aka withdrawal) reflex
1. How many synapses?
2. Stimulated by?
3. Afferent limb of the arc formed by
4. Synapse on _____ in ipsilateral dorsal horn then cross to venral horn
5. Interneurons have a(n) _______ effect on alpha motor neurons
6. Efferent limb of the arc formed by
7. Effect? |
|
Definition
1. 2 synapses (3 neurons)
2. Painful cutaneous stimulus (i.e. finger on hot stove)
3. A delta and C fibers from cutaneous receptors
4. Interneurons
5. excitatory
6. Fibers of the alpha motor neurons
7. Causes muscles to contract and withdraw body part from painful stimulus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hypoglossal nucleus, motor to tongue |
|
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Term
CN V (Trigeminal)
1. Sensory nuclei
2. Motor nuclei |
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Definition
1. Mesencephalic nucleus, chief nucleus, V spinal nucleus, trigeminal (gasserian) ganglion
2. Motor nucleus of V |
|
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Term
| The only pseudounipolar cell bodies in the CNS are located in the _____ |
|
Definition
| mesencephalic nucleus of V |
|
|
Term
| Touch sensation (from V) in head to THIS nucleus: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
CN VII Facial n
Touch to ear - uses this nucleus |
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Definition
| Trigeminal spinal nucleus (then continues to VPM nucleus in thalamus) |
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Term
CN VII
taste nucleus (anterior 2/3 of tongue) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
CN VII
Motor nucleus
I.e. orbiculari oculi, facial expression, stapedius muscle etc |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| CN VII parasympathetic nucleus |
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Definition
| superior salivatory nucleus (including lacrimal nucleus). ANY taste ends up in solitary nucleus |
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Term
| Touch to anterior 2/3 of tongue is carried by this nerve: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Glossopharyngeal N. CN IX
Touch. What nucleus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste from CN IX, which nucleus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Interoceptive (i.e. baroreceptors and chemoreceptors) from CN IX, nucleus?? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| motor IX nucleus? goes to only stylopharyngeus muscle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic IX nucleus? |
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Definition
| Inferior salivatory nucleus. From otic ganglion supply parotid gland. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pain temperature and touch (external ear) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pain tempterature and touch in posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, and dura mater |
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Term
| CN X touch: pain, temperature and touch in external ear. What nucleus? |
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Definition
| Superior ganglia of X. V spinal nucleus. |
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Term
| CN X touch: pain, temperature, touch in larynx and esophagus. What nucleus? |
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Definition
| Inferior ganglion of XV spinal nucleus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| solitary nucleus, from inferior ganglion of X |
|
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Term
| CN X interoception (chemoreceptors/baroreceptors) nucleus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| CN X motor to palate muscles, pharyngeal muscles, and laryngeal muscles, what nucleus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| CN X parasympathetic to heart, nucleus? |
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Definition
Dorsal motor nucleus of X.
Also postganglionic parasympathetics to gut. (efferent limb of GAG reflex. Remember IX has afferent limb) |
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Term
Spinal accessory N. (CN XI)
Motor nucleus of spinal root?
Supplies sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Spinal accessory N. (CN XI)
Motor nucleus of cranial root? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticular Nuclei (non-specific thalamus) |
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Definition
| help to regulate all the other nuclei of thalamus. (inhibitory) |
|
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Term
| midline nucleus (non-specific thalamus) |
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Definition
| help to regulate visceral and affective responses to sensation (emotional connection) |
|
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Term
| Intralaminar nuclei (non-specific nuclei of thalamus) |
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Definition
| General stimulation of the cerebral cortex (for purposes of wakefulness and consciousness) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Touch information from body BELOW the head |
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Term
|
Definition
| Touch information from head |
|
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Term
| VA and VL nuclei (specific) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Dorsal tier (pulvinar, lateral dorsal, and lateral posterior nuclei) (associated nucleus of thalamus)
***PULVINAR is most posterior nucleus in thalamus and receives VISUAL information from superior colliculus and pretectal area. |
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Definition
| formulation of complex behavioral responses, especially in response to visual information. |
|
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Term
| Dorsomedial nucleus (association) |
|
Definition
| help formulate behavioral responses involving decisions based on predictions and incentives |
|
|
Term
| Anterior nucleus (association) |
|
Definition
| involved in memory (circuit of Papez) |
|
|
Term
| Subthalamic nucleus (in subthalamus) |
|
Definition
| Involved in motor control. A lesion in one side will cause hemiballism (spontaneous involuntary movements on opposite side of lesion) |
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Term
|
Definition
Pineal gland, indirect photic stimulation, melatonin, circadian rhythms, brain sand (midline marker).
Posterior commissure is NOT part of epithalamus, but is directly below the pineal gland so than a pineal gland can disrupt fibers in the posterior commissure causing a vertical gaze defect. |
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Term
| Molecular layer of cortex |
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Definition
| Horizontal cells, pyramidal cell dendrites. Pia mater attached to superficial surface. |
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Term
| External granular layer of cortex |
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Definition
| Interneurons, some small pyramidal cells |
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Term
| External pyramidal layer of cortex |
|
Definition
| pyramidal cells, association and commissural fibers |
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Term
| Internal granular layer of cortex |
|
Definition
| Stellate cells, few pyramidal cells. (well developed in primary visual cortex) |
|
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Term
| Internal pyramidal layer of cortex |
|
Definition
| large pyramidal cells (Betz cells in primary motor cortex), projection axons to spinal cord, brain stem, and basal ganglia. |
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Term
| Multiform layer of cortex |
|
Definition
| fusiform cells, some pyramidal and interneurons. Many axons of fusiform cells to thalamus. Adjacent to subcortical white matter. |
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Term
| Outer line of Baillarger is known as... |
|
Definition
| The line of Gennari and is viewable with the naked eye. |
|
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Term
| Input to cerebral cortex to layers... |
|
Definition
| I - IV (visual information from LGN mostly goes to layer IV). |
|
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Term
| Output from cerebral cortex leave from layers... |
|
Definition
| III, V, and VI. Information going to other cortical regions mostly leaves from layer III. Information going to thalamus mostly leaves from layer VI. Fibers going to other subcortical targets OTHER THAN THE THALAMUS, i.e. corticospinal fibers, mostly arise from cells in layer V. |
|
|
Term
| Primary Somatosensory area brodmanns area |
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Definition
| 3,1,2, sometimes known as S1. located in postcentral gyrus. Sensory homunculus. |
|
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Term
| Secondary somatosensory brodmanns |
|
Definition
| S2. Involved in less discriminatory aspects of sensation. |
|
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Term
| Somatosensory association cortex (BMA). lesion? |
|
Definition
| 5 and 7. Lesion causes tactile agnosia (can't recognize familiar objects with touch) Also can get astereognosis (no spatial awareness of body part relations and can lead to cortical neglect where brain ignores 1 side of body and VF. BMA 7 also includes parietal eye field which is involved in influencing eye saccades. |
|
|
Term
| Primary visual cortex area (striate cortex) BMA? Lesion? |
|
Definition
| 17. Lesion causes homonymous hemianopia on opposite side of lesion. |
|
|
Term
| Visual association cortex (BMA?) Lesion? |
|
Definition
| 18 and 19. Receives info from 17 and also PULVINAR of thalamus. Lesion can cause visual agnosias. |
|
|
Term
| Primary auditory area (BMA?) What gyrus is it in? Function? Lesion? |
|
Definition
| 41 and 42. In Heschl's gyri. Receives input from MGN. Lesion results in inability to interpret complex combinations of sounds. |
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Term
| Auditory association cortex (BMA?) Function? Lesion? |
|
Definition
| 22. Receives info from primary auditory cortex and also pulvinar. Bilateral function and is asymmetrical. Lesion of left side usually causes receptive aphasia. Right side lesion associated with audition and cause auditory agnosia (inability to identify and respond to complex sounds) |
|
|
Term
| Primary taste area (BMA?) Function? |
|
Definition
| 43. Receives info from VPM nucleus of thalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Primary olfactory area (piriform cortex) Uncus BMA? Entorhinal area BMA? |
|
Definition
Uncus = 34
Entorhinal area = 28.
Does NOT go through thalamus! |
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|
Term
Primary motor area. (BMA?)
Precentral hyrus. Function? |
|
Definition
| 4. Receives input from primary sensory cortex, premotor areas, VL nucleus of thalamus. Outputs to pyramidal system (corticospinal tract and corticonuclear tract). Motor homunculus. Supplemental motor area (6) contains supplemental eye field which influences eye saccades. |
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|
Term
| Premotor area (BMA?). Function? Lesion? |
|
Definition
| 6. Initiates skilled voluntary actions. Lesion causes apraxia, which is an impairment in the performance of skilled movements and can cause agraphia. |
|
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Term
| Frontal eye fields (BMA?) Function? Lesion? |
|
Definition
| Mostly 8, but may include 6 and 9. Controls voluntary conjugate saccadic movements of eyes. Lesion will cause eyes to involuntarily tract and converge. |
|
|
Term
| Prefrontal portion of the brian (BMA?) Function? |
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Definition
| 9, 10, 11, and 12. Makes us "human", i.e. monitoring behaviors, conscience, foresight and predictions, abstract concepts. Surgically removed to treat mental illness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 22, sometimes also 39 and 40. |
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Term
|
Definition
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