Term
| True or False: Bacteria/Eubacteria are eukaryotes and Fungi are prokaryotes. |
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Definition
| FALSE; bacteria/eubacteria are prokaryotes and fungi are eukaryotes |
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Term
| Are Eukaryotes single-celled or multi-celled? What about prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| They can be either or, but prokaryotes are only single-celled |
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Term
Describe Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes regarding the following:
a) presence of mem-bound organelle
b) chromosome number
c) reproduction
d) mitochondria
e) ER
f) ribosomes
g) presence of sterols in cytoplasmic mem |
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Definition
a) P= N; E= Y
b) P= usually 1; E>1
c) P= asexual; E= sexual +/- asexual
d) P= N; E= Y
e) P=N; E=Y
f) P= 80S; E= 80S
g) P= N (except for mycoplasmas); E= Y |
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Term
| What organelle do Prokaryotes have as opposed to mitochondria? |
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Definition
| They have inclusion bodies |
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Term
| True or False: Antifungals work equally well on bacteria and fungi. |
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Definition
| FALSE, antifungal only work on fungi and antibiotics only work on antibiotics |
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Term
| Cell wall ahs chitin, glucans, and mannans as part of its components in __(bacteria or fungi)___. |
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Definition
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Term
Definition: Capsule
-aka what?
-any special characteristics? |
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Definition
-slimy layer surrounding the cell, usually consisting of polysaccharide and water
aka slime coat, extracellular layer, etc
-difficulte to stain (b/c it is mostly water) and is not present on all bacteria |
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Term
Definition: Cell wall
-aka what?
-any special characteristics? |
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Definition
-rigid layer surrounding the bacterial cell usually made of peptidoglycan in bacteria, other materials in arhaea
-porous to movement of small molecules
***two major types: gram-pos and gram-neg |
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Term
Definition: Cell Membrane
-aka what?
-any special characteristics? |
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Definition
-flexible, semi-permeable lipid bilayer that controls diffusion into and out of the bacterial cell
-aka cytoplasmic mem or plasma mem |
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Term
| What is the physiological purpose of the cell wall? |
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Definition
| -protection and to bestow shape and rigidiity |
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Term
| What is the physiological purpose of cellular membrane? |
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Definition
| -controls flow of molecules in and out of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -the fluid inside the cell that contains hundreds of diffferent enzymes, along with ribosomes, DNA, RNA and a pool of millions of small molecules and ions |
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Term
Definition: Ribosomes
-any special characteristics? |
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Definition
-particles made of protein and RNA, sites of protein assembly
-may occupy 25% of the volume of a typical bacterial cells
-bacteria have 70S ribosomes (50S + 30S) |
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Term
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Definition
-the DNA of a cell, normally a single circular molecule that is tightly supercoild and packed inside the cell
-actively dividing cells may contain 2 or even 4 copies of this chromosome, replicated and ready for dividing up among future daughter cells |
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Term
What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall?
-aka what? |
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Definition
-peptidoglycan
-aka Murein |
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Term
| The major component of bacterial cell walls is ______, which is made up of alternating units of ___ and ___ attached by _______ chains. |
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Definition
-peptidoglycan
-NAM
-NAG
-tetrapeptide |
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Term
| NAM and NAG are synthesized in the ______. Are they transported across the membrane or cross-linked first? |
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Definition
-cytoplasm
-transported across the membrane |
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Term
| NAM and NAG are cross-linked via ______ enzyme (penicillin binding proteins). |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between NAG/NAM-binding between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria? What difference does this cause? |
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Definition
-Gram-positive: tetrapeptide bridges are not directly linked, but linked by Glycine peptide interbridge
-Gram-negative: tetrapeptide bridges directly linked
-This causes gram-pos to be thicker and more rigid |
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Term
| In a gram-pos cell wall, what is the purpose of lipotechoic acid? |
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Definition
| -it anchors peptidoglycan to plasma membrane |
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Term
| Do gram-positive cells have a thin or thick periplasmic space? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of a gram-positive cell envelope? |
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Definition
-cytoplasmic membrane
-periplasmic space
-cell wall
-with or without capsule |
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Term
| Describe the cell wall of gram-positive cells. |
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Definition
-thick
-teichoic/lipoteichoic acids |
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Term
| Describe the cell envelope of a gram-negative cell. |
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Definition
-wider periplasmic space
-thin cell wall
-have inner membrane cell membrane and outer cell membrane: outer made of LPS |
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Term
| What are other names for LPS? Where is it found? |
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Definition
-LPS= endotoxin= lipopolysaccharide
-in the outer mem of gram-negative cell wall |
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Term
| What are the components of gram-negative cell envelope? |
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Definition
-cytoplasmic membrane (inner membrane)
-periplasmic space
-peptidoglycan layer (thin within periplasmic space)
-outer layer of LPS
-with or without capsule |
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Term
What are the components of LPS?
a) what is the most toxic component?
b) what is the most variable component? |
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Definition
-LPS= lipid A tail + core protein + O antigen
a) lipid A
b) O antigen |
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Term
| Definition: Lipid bilayer |
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Definition
| -phospholipids of the outer leaflet are replaced by LPS molecules |
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Term
| What are the three types of outer membrane proteins? |
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Definition
-porin proteins: form channels
-transport proteins
-anchoring proteins |
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Term
| What are the components of the outer membrane of gram-negatives cells? |
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Definition
-outer membrane proteins (OMP)
-lipopolysaccharide (LPS/endotoxin)
-lipoprotein |
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Term
| What is the purpose of lipoproteins in the outer emmbrane of gram-negative cells? |
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Definition
| -cross-links outer membrane and peptidoglycan layer |
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Term
| True or False: Lipopolysaccharide is also nown as exotoxin. |
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Definition
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Term
Describe gram-pos and gram-neg cells regarding the following:
a) crystal violet
b) iodine
c) decolorizer
d) safranin |
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Definition
a) P=blue; N=Blue
b) P=blue; N=blue
c) P=blue; N=clear
d) P=blue; N=pink |
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Term
| True or False: All bacteria will stain either blue or pink with gram staining. Why or why not? |
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Definition
-FALSE
-some cell walls are protected by waxes/lipis and some bacteria do not have cell walls |
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Term
Definition: flagellum
-purpose?
-antigen?
-always present? |
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Definition
-long, flexible, helically shaped protein fibrils projecting from the cell surface
-rotation provides for cell MOTILITY
-H antigen
-may or may not be present |
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Term
Definition: Fimbria or pilus
-purpose?
-antigen?
-always present? |
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Definition
-protein fibrils are shorter and thinner than flagella projecting from the cell surface
-have a set of proteins at its tip which mediate adhesion
-F antigens
-may or may not be present |
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Term
Define the following types of flagella:
a) Monotrichous (polar)
b) Lophotrichous (polar)
c) Amphitrichous (polar)
d) Peritrichous (nonpolar) |
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Definition
a) one flagellum
b) multiple flagella at one end
c) multiple flagella at both ends
d) multiple flagella all around |
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Term
| What is the maximum speed a bacterium can achieve utilizing flagella? |
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Definition
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Term
| Capsule is usually composed of ______. Describe it. |
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Definition
-polysaccharide
-unstructured polymeric extracellular layer
-fairly adherent to cell wall
-antiphagocytic
-protects against complement
-not present in all bacteria
-capsular antigens are called K antigens |
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Term
| What is another name for a capsule? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Capsule is the same as a slime layer. |
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Definition
| -FALSE; it is a zone of diffuse, unorganized polysaccharide material easily removed from the cell surface. |
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Term
| When are slime layers important? |
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Definition
| -regarding biofilm formation |
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Term
| Sporulation results in the formation of ______. They are metabolically (active/dormant) and (not/very) resistant to heat, desiccation, and chemicals. They (can/cannot) replicate. |
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Definition
-endospores
-dormant
-very
-cannot |
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Term
| True or False: Bacterial endospores are the same thing as fungal spores. |
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Definition
| -FALSE: fungal spores are a reproductive structure while endospores occur under stress |
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Term
| What are the two major genera of pathogenic animal bacteria that form spores? |
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Definition
-Bacillus and Clostridium
-->both are gram-pos rods found in soil |
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Term
| Anthrax can last up to __-__years in the soil and still germinate. |
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Definition
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