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Back- everything but muscles
lecture 2- stuff i didnt know
48
Anatomy
Professional
10/08/2011

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Term
Name all vertebra types and how many
Definition
Cervical-7
Thoracia-12
Lumbar-5
Sacral- 5 (fused)
coccyx-4 (fused)
Term
Name and describe the 4 vertebral curves
Definition
cervical and lumbar (anteriorly convex)
thoracic and sacral (anteriorly concave)

cervical develops as child can hold head erect, lumbar when can walk
Term
Name the vertebra through which the sympathetic NS pass? parasympathetic?
Definition
Symp- Thoracolumbar
Para- Craniosacral
Term
name the parts of the IV disc
Definition
annulosus fibrosus (outer) and nucleus pulposus (inner)
Term
What ligament connects the facet joints?
Definition
ligamentum flavum
Term
What are the 2 foramen on cervical vert for?
Definition
entrance of vertebral artery(comes off subclavian vein) which goes on to circle of willis
Term
Describe the differences in an anatomy of all vertebral types
Definition
cervical- smaller, shorter body, spinous process is bifid, foramen in each transverse process. (includes atlas and axis)
thoracic- larger and stronger body, facets on T1-T10 for articulation with ribs
lumbar- strongest and largest, spinous processes thick, and point down
sacrum- fused, auricular surface and sacral tuberosity of SI joint
Term
Difference bw extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
Definition
extrinsic-movement of upeerlimbs and thoracic wall, innervated by ANTERIOR rami,

intrinsic- deep intervated by posterior rami, support and move vertebral column and head.
Term
What is a herniated disc
Definition
protrusion of nucleus pulposus
most common in lumbar
disc can be removed after laminectomy
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
lateral bending of the column
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
Exaggerrated thoracic curve, humped over
Term
lordosis
Definition
exaggerated lumbar curve (typical during pregnancy)
Term
Spina bifida
Definition
failure of vertebral lamina to unite, nervous tissue exposed, paralysis
Term
cervical rib
Definition
common anomaly, when C7's transverse process becomes a complete rib. puts pressure on subclavian artery and inferior trunk of brachial plexus
-SYMPTOMS: numbness and tingling bilaterally- lack of blood supply going to brain.
Term
Jefferson fracture
Definition
fracture of C1 ring, axial loading injury to the head with compression force
-death common: C-3,4,5 DIAPHRAGM ALIVE, C1 above that so...
Term
Hangman's fracture or "whiplash"
Definition
Due to hyperextension of the head; an unstable fracture of the C2 pedicles, with forward displacement of C1 and the body of C2 on C3.
Term
joints of vert column
Definition
synovial and solid. symphyses bw vertebral bodies and synovial bw articular processes
Term
what constitutes the symphyses joints in vert column?
Definition
hyaline cartilage on each vert body and IV disc
Term
zygapophyseal joints
Definition
joints bw vertebral arches. are superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebra
Term
Anterior and Posterior longitudinal ligaments
Definition
lines the vertebral column and IV discs, ant and post. runs from head to sacrum
-Aorta lies on anterior longitudinal ligament
Term
supraspinous ligament to ligamentum nuchae
Definition
connects tips of spinous processes from CVII to sacrum--> above CVII, becomes structurally different and is lig. nuchae (triangular shaped from occipital protuberance to top of CVII
Term
Lumbar stenosis
Definition
severe at L4-5 area (combo of disc herniation and posterior element hypertrophy)
Term
lumbar spondyliosis
Definition
lesion in pars interarticularis in neural arch
usually in L5
common back pain in adolescents
Term
"scottie dog" in x-ray for spondyliosis
Definition
ear- superior articular process
head- transverse processes
neck- pars interarticularis
body- lamina/spinous process
feet- inferior articular process
Term
thoracolumbar fascia
Definition
blends with lat. dorsi and serratus posterior inferior
covers deep muscles of back
Term
what should be taken during pregnancy to help neural tube form completely and prevent spina bifida
Definition
folic acid
Term
3 types of spina bifida
Definition
meningeocoel, myelomeningeocoel, occulta
Term
where does an epidural go?
Definition
in sacral hiatus between SI joint.
Term
SI joint
Definition
where sacrum and ilium articulate (forms lower back dimples.
Term
kyphoplasty
Definition
treatment of osteoporotic or osteolytic compression fractures.
-vertebroplasty with balloon catheter technology, restores vert body to usual height, cement is injected into this cavity.
- instant relief
-injury usually seen in mediostatic cancer and older people.
Term
Klippel Feil Syndrome
Definition
Fusion of CI and CII or CV and CVI
-Cause usually embryogenic
-associated with cardiac anomaliesdue to midline of body deformities
Term
Sacral hiatus
Definition
palpation points necessary for caudal epidural (near SI joint)
Term
Zygapophyseal joints of cervical region, orientation and fxn
Definition
slope inferiorly from ant to post.
-flexion and extension
Term
zygapophyseal joints of thoracic region, oreintation and fxn
Definition
oreinted vertically and limit flexion and extension
fxn: rotation
Term
zygapophyseal joints of lumbar regions, orientation and fxn
Definition
joint surfaces curved and adjacent processes interlock
-flexion and extension (but limited due to connection of joints.)
Term
where are disc issues most common
Definition
L3-L5
Term
LUMBAR DDD (degeneratie disc disease)
Definition
with age- disc loses hydration and gains collagen, becomes more fibrous
early sign- horizontal intranuclear cleft
-height loss
Term
ligamentum flava
Definition
passes bw lamina of adjacent vertebrae
-form part of post. surface of vert. canal
- resist separation of lamina during flexion
Term
Factors contributing to spinal stenosis (3)
Definition
-hypertrophy of ligaemtnum flava
-arthritic change of zygapophyseal joints
-disc protrusions
Term
difference bw spondylolysis and spondylolysthesis
Definition
spondylolysthesis is forward displacement of L5 (slides) and spondylolysis is fractur of pars articularis (usually of L5)
Term
Superficial Extrinsic Back muscles and their innervations
Definition
Trapezius- Spinal accessory XI
Latissimus dorsi- thoracodorsal C6-C8
Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae- dorsal scapular C4 and 5
Term
Intermediate group of extrinsic back muscles and their innervations
Definition
serratus post. superior- Anterior rami
seratus post. inferior- Anterior rami
Term
Intrinsic group of back muscle: Extensors and rotators of the head and neck
Definition
splenius capitis (head)
splenius cervicis (neck)
Term
Intrinsic group of back muscle: Extensors and rotators of the vertebral column
Definition
Erector spinae and transversospinales
Term
Intrinsic group of back muscles: Short segmental muscles
Definition
interspinales
intertransversarii
Term
typical fxn of intrinsic group of back muscles
Definition
rotation
Term
Transverspinales. 3 major groups and total fxn
Definition
Semispinalis, multifidus and rotatores.
Fxn:If pull to one side- cause trunk to rotate to opp side. When pull together, trunk extends.
Term
Suboccipital triangle
Definition
Medially:Rectus capitis posterior, major and minor
Inferior: Oblique capitis inferior
superior: oblique capitis superior
POSTERIOR RAMI OF CI COMES RIGHT THROUGH
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