Term
| Regional types of vertebrae |
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Definition
| cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (3-4) |
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Term
| Vertebra is comprised of 2 basic parts: |
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Definition
| vertebral body and vertebral arch |
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Term
| C1 & C2: name & basic function |
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Definition
| atlas & axis have unique features designed to support the skull and facilitate its movement |
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Term
| Cervical vertebrae features: |
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Definition
- bifid spinous process
- transverse foramen in each of the transverse processes
- two ucinate processes
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Term
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Definition
| bony margins that project from the lateral edges of the superior surface of the cervical vertebral body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Thoracic vertebrae features: |
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Definition
- costal facets for articulation with ribs
- long sloping spinous processes
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Term
| Lumbar vertebrae features: |
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Definition
- large, sturdy vertebral bodies (support more weight than cervical or thoracic)
- short, blunt spinous processes
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Term
| Sacrum's version of intervertebral foramen: |
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Definition
| Anterior and posterior sacral foramina |
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Term
| vertebral column composition |
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Definition
| vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx with successive vertebral foramina forming the vertebral canal, extending down into the sacral canal and ending at the sacral hiatus. |
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Term
| intervertebral foramina location and formation |
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Definition
located lateral to vertebrae and formed when a superior vertebral notch on one vertebrae meets an inferior vertebral notch on an adjacent vertebrae.
*Not a hole therefore can shift and pinch nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| Joint between two vertebral bodies or more generally, two bones connected by cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
cartilage that connects bones which consists of an outer layer of fibrocartilage (anulus fibrosus) and a gelatinous core (nucleus pulposus).
fxn: shock absorbers that allow for movement of the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
aka zygapophyseal joint
Occurs between superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of another vertebra
Orientation is different in each region to facilitate different types of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| In the cervical region, it was thought the ucinate processes of particular vertebra may be prominent enough to articulate with the vertebral body above. However, synovial joint doesn't exist there rather degenerative changes due to aging cause narrowing of joint space and reactive osteogenesis (formation of bone spurs due to friction) which can be a source of neck pain |
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Term
| Movements of the vertebral column: |
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Definition
- flexion
- extension
- lateral flexion (aka lateral bending)
- rotation
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Term
| anterior longitudinal ligament |
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Definition
| a continuous band found on the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies; important for preventing hyperextension (over extension) of the vertebral column |
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Term
| posterior longitudinal ligament |
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Definition
a continuous band found on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies (anterior to the vertebral canal); limits flexion of the vertebral column
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Term
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Definition
| runs along the tips of spinous processes from C7-sacrum; limits flexion of the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
| takes the place of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical region (it is continuous with the supraspinous ligament at C7); attaches superiorly to the external occipital protuberance; helps support the weight of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| fills the spaces between adjacent spinous processes |
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Term
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Definition
| named for its yellow color due to a high concentration of elastic fibers; connects adjacent laminae and forms part of the posterior wall of the vertebral canal (fills in the gaps especially in the lumbar region) |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary curvature of the embryo (concave anteriorly) remains in the thoracic and sacral regions. Secondary curvatures (convex anteriorly) begin to form before birth in the cervical and lumbar regions, however they don’t fully develop until the baby holds it head up and learns to stand. |
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Term
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Definition
kyphosis (hunchback) – exaggerated thoracic curvature (e.g. due to osteoporosis of anterior
parts of vertebral bodies or compression fractures)
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Term
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Definition
lordosis (swayback) – exaggerated lumbar curvature due to anterior rotation of the pelvis;
is associated with obesity and can occur temporarily in pregnancy
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Term
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Definition
lateral curvature (i.e. in the coronal plane) usually due to an imbalance of forces
on the spine (e.g. asymmetry in muscle strength or development of vertebrae) |
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Term
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Definition
contains muscles that move the upper extremity (extrinsic)
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- levator scapulae
- rhomboid major and minor
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Term
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Definition
| Contains muscles of respiration (extrinsic). This layer is comprised of two thin muscles, serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior. They are thought to be accessory respiratory muscles and are not considered clinically relevant. |
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Term
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Definition
contains the true back muscles that stabilize or move the axial skeleton:
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Erector spinae
Semispinalis capitis
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Term
Extrinsic back muscles innervation |
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Definition
Extrinsic back muscles are innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves (trapezius is an exception to this general rule --> it is innervated by accessory nerve (11th cranial nerve)) |
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Term
| Intrinsic back muscles innervation |
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Definition
| Intrinsic back muscles are innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves. |
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Term
| posterior intercostal arteries |
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Definition
Branches from the aorta associated with the thoracic vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| Separates intrinsic muscles from extrinsic muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches from the aorta associated with the lumber vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 and thoracic vertebrae
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Superior fibers elevate and laterally rotate scapula; middle fibers retract scapula; inferior fibers depress and laterally rotate scapula |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinous processes of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest, sacrum |
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Term
| Latissimus dorsi insertion |
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Definition
| Intertubercular groove of humerus |
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Term
| Latissimus dorsi innervation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus |
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Term
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Definition
| Transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae |
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Term
| Levator scapulae insertion |
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Definition
| Superior angle of scapula |
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Term
| Levator scapulae innervation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rhomboid major and minor origin |
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Definition
| Spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae |
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Term
| Rhomboid major and minor insertion |
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Definition
Medial border of scapula
(rhomboid minor superior to the spine; rhomboid major inferior to the spine)
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Term
| Rhomboid major and minor innervation |
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Definition
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Term
| Rhomboid major and minor action |
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Definition
| Retracts and medially rotates scapula |
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Term
| Splenius capitis and cervicis origin |
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Definition
| Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 and upper thoracic vertebrae |
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Term
Splenius capitis and cervicis insertion
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Definition
Capitis: mastoid process and superior nuchal line
Cervicis: transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
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Term
Splenius capitis and cervicis innervation
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Definition
| Dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
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Term
Splenius capitis and cervicis action
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Definition
| Acting bilaterally, they extend the head and neck; acting unilaterally, they rotate the head to one side |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacrum, iliac crest, ribs, spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae, ribs, skull |
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Term
| Erector spinae innervation |
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Definition
| Dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| Acting bilaterally, they extend the head and trunk; acting unilaterally, they bend the trunk laterally; they are also important for “controlling” flexion |
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Term
| Semispinalis capitis origin |
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Definition
| Transverse processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae |
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Term
| Semispinalis capitis insertion |
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Definition
| Occipital bone near nuchal lines |
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Term
| Semispinalis capitis innervation |
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Definition
| Dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
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Term
| Semispinalis capitis action |
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Definition
| Acting bilaterally, they extend the head; acting unilaterally, they rotate the head to one side |
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Term
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Definition
| (splenius capitis and splenius cervicis) – muscles that extend and rotate the head, and provide support for the small deep muscles of the neck |
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Term
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Definition
(iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) – primary muscles that extend the vertebral column; also important for controlling flexion against gravity
*I Love Spaghetti |
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Term
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Definition
| (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores) – primarily small postural muscles that stabilize the vertebral column and provide proprioceptive feedback. We will only dissect one muscle from this group in lab, semispinalis capitis. |
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