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| Conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian empire. This includes Xerxes's failed invasion. defeated by the Spartan-led Hellenic League. |
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| Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigations from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. |
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| Socrates's disciple who was part of the first generation to become literate. He founded the Academy and wrote dialogues. |
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| A costly was between the Spartans and Athenians that convulsed most of the Greek world. The Spartans won. |
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| King of Macedonia in Northern Greece. He conquered the Persian Empire and founded many Greek cities. |
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