Term
| a radiculopathy is at ____ nerve level. |
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Definition
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Term
| 75% of the lymphatic drainage of the breast goes where? |
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Definition
| to the nodes of the axilla |
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Term
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Definition
| a nerve containing sensory, motor and postganglionic sympathetic axons that arise from one spinal cord segment. |
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Term
| what is a peripheral nerve? |
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Definition
| a nerve containing sensory, motor and postganglionic sympathetic axons that arise from more than one spinal cord segment |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of intersecting nerves containing sensory, motor and postganglionic sympathetic axons that arise from multiple spinal segment |
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Term
| what part of each somite gives rise to skin and muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anteriorly migrating cells give rise to _______ muscles and overlying dermis of the limbs and anterior trunk. |
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Definition
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Term
| Posteriorly migrating cells give rise to ________ muscles and overlying dermis. |
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Definition
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Term
| spinal nerves develop in association with? |
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Definition
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Term
| the segmental nature of the dermatome is more difficult to appreciate in the? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are radiculopathies most commonly caused by? |
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Definition
| vertebral disc herniation |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory or motor dysfunction caused by injury to a nerve root or spinal nerve
Injuries to posterior (dorsal) roots cause sensory disturbances
Injuries to anterior (ventral) roots cause motor disturbances
Most commonly, radiculopathies are due to vertebral disc herniation
Often, burning pain or tingling radiates in affected dermatome
The pattern of sensory deficits or symptoms is dermatomal!!
For example, injury to the C6 spinal nerve would cause a sensory deficit in the C6 dermatome, the autonomous zone of which is the pad of the thumb.
Motor deficits may result in muscle paresis (weekness), atrophy and fasciculations
Muscles are not normally paralyzed if only one root is affected
For example, if the C6 anterior root is injured, the biceps is weak, not paralyzed |
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Term
| in neuropathies, sensory deficits involve portions of _______ dermatomes. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sensory or motor dysfunction caused by pathology affecting a peripheral nerve
Neuropathies can result from metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus
Diabetic neuropathy – glove and stocking
Can manifest as burning pain or tingling radiates in affected nerve distribution
Sensory deficits involve portions of adjacent dermatomes
Motor neuropathies cause muscle paralysis, atrophy, and fasciculations |
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Term
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Definition
Plexuses form as a result of the complex development of the limbs.
Both sensory and motor axons from adjacent spinal cord segments form “mixed” nerves.
The musculocutaneous nerve of the upper limb is a stereotypical “mixed” nerve with sensory and motor axons from spinal cord segments C5, C6 and C7. |
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Term
| True or false: During development, each limb has an axis that runs through the bone of its upper segment and distally through the second or third ray of bones in the terminal segment. |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the preaxial mass give rise to? |
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Definition
| flexors, adductors, and medial rotators |
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Term
| what does the postaxial mass give rise to? |
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Definition
| extensors, abductors, and lateral rotators |
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Term
| the anterior division of the nerve trunk innervates muscles derived from what area? |
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Definition
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Term
| the posterior divisions of the nerve trunk innervate muscles derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the gateway for nerves and vessels to enter the upper limb; It is also the location of lymph nodes that drain the upper limb and pectoral region.
Important site of breast CA metastasis |
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Term
| injury to the axilla can cause what impairments? |
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Definition
| can impair blood flow to and innervation of the upper limb |
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Term
| enlargement of axillary nodes is an indication of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| excision of axillary nodes can result in what? |
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Definition
Excision of axillary nodes risks damage to the long thoracic nerve or the thoracodorsal nerve.
Excision of axillary nodes can result in lymphedema of upper limb. |
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Term
| more than 75% of lymphatic drainage is to the ______ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 muscles that attach the upper limb to the anterior thoracic wall? |
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Definition
Serratus anterior muscle.
Pectoralis major muscle.
Pectoralis minor muscle.
Subclavius muscle. |
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Term
| what innervates the serratus anterior? |
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Definition
| long thoracic nerve (C5,6,7); anterior rami |
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Term
| what are the main actions of the serratus anterior muscle? |
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Definition
Protracts the scapula
Holds scapula against body wall
Assists in rotating scapula during abduction of upper limb |
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Term
| winged scapula is caused by damage to what nerve? |
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Definition
| long thoracic nerve on the surface of the serratus anterior |
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Term
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Definition
Affected scapular protrudes, particularly when patient asked to push with outstretched hands against a wall
Additionally, full abduction of the upper limb is affected |
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Term
| injury to the long thoracic nerve results in the patient's inability to do what? |
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Definition
| abduct the limb greater than 90 degrees |
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Term
| what 2 muscles are essential for full abduction of the upper limb? |
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Definition
| serratus anterior in concert with the upper and lower parts of the trapezius muscle |
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Term
| describe the pectoralis major muscle |
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Definition
Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the antero-superior aspect of the thorax.
Has clavicular and sternocostal heads.
Attaches to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. |
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Term
| what is the pectoralis major muscle innervated by? |
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Definition
| Innervated by the lateral and medial pectoral nerves (anterior rami C5, C6 to clavicular head and C7, C8 and T1 to the sternocostal head) |
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Term
| what are the main actions of the pectoralis major muscle? |
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Definition
| Main actions – adducts and medially rotates humerus |
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Term
| what is the origin of the pectoralis minor? |
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Definition
| 3rd-5th ribs near their costal cartilages |
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Term
| what is the insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the pectoralis minor muscle innervated by? |
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Definition
| by the medial pectoral nerve (anterior rami C8 and T1) |
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Term
| what is the main action of the pectoralis minor muscle? |
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Definition
| to stabilize the scapula during upper limb movements |
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Term
| what is the origin of the subclavius muscle? |
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Definition
| first rib at junction between rib and costal cartilage |
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Term
| what is the insertion of the subclavius muscle? |
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Definition
| groove on inferior surface of middle 1/3 of clavicle |
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Term
| what is the subclavius muscle innervated by? |
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Definition
| nerve to the subclavius (C5-C6); nerve comes off superior trunk of the brachial plexus |
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Term
| what is the main action of the subclavius muscle? |
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Definition
| to anchor and stabilize the clavicle |
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Term
| what makes up the anterior wall of the axilla? |
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Definition
Lateral part of pectoralis major m.
Underlying pectoralis minor m.
Subclavius m.
Clavipectoral fascia: Connects clavicle to floor of axilla |
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Term
| what does the clavipectoral fascia connect? |
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Definition
| the clavicle to the floor of the axilla |
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Term
| what makes up the lateral wall of the axilla? |
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Definition
| the intertubercular sulcus |
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Term
| what lies in the intertubercular sulcus? |
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Definition
| the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle |
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Term
| what are the 6 branches that arise from axillary artery from superior to inferior? |
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Definition
| superior thoracic artery, thoraco-acromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and posterior circumflex humeral artery |
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Term
| what is the largest branch of the axillary artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the superior thoracic artery supply? |
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Definition
| the upper regions of the medial and anterior axillary walls |
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Term
| what does the thoraco-acromial artery penetrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 branches the thoraco-acromial artery branches into? |
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Definition
| pectoral, deltoid, clavicular, and acromial branches |
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Term
| what does the subscapular artery branch into? |
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Definition
| the circumflex scapular artery and the thoracodorsal artery |
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Term
| where does the coracobrachialis originate? |
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Definition
| the apex of the coracoid process |
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Term
| where does the coracobrachialis insert? |
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Definition
| on a small linear roughening on thr medial aspect of the humerus, approximately midshaft |
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Term
| what is the function of the coracobrachialis? |
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Definition
| flexes the arm at the glenohumeral joint |
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Term
| the medial surface of the coracobrachialis is pierced by what nerve? |
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Definition
| the musculocutaneous nerve |
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Term
| the short head of the biceps brachii originates where? |
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Definition
| apex of the coracoid process |
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Term
| where does the short head of the biceps brachii insert? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the long head of the biceps brachii originate? |
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Definition
| as a tendon from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula |
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Term
| what ligament holds the long head of the biceps brachii in position? |
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Definition
| the transverse humeral ligament |
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Term
| what nerve innervates the biceps brachii? |
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Definition
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Term
| what nerve innervates the coracobrachialis? |
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Definition
| the musculocutaneous nerve |
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Term
| where does the axillary vein begin? |
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Definition
| at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and is the continuation of the basilic vein |
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Term
| when the axillary vein passes the lateral border of rib 1 at the axillary inlet what does it become? |
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Definition
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