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Avian Systems
reproduction, digestive system, skeleton, circulatory system
91
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/18/2014

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Cards

Term
Describe the number & location of the ovaries in an avian female reproductive tract
Definition
1 ovary & oviduct, on the left hand side of the body
Term
At what age does the oviduct start to develop? When is it fully functional?
Definition
15-16 weeks of age starts to develop

-is fully functional just before onset of egg production, 17-19 weeks of age
Term
What activates the ovary to begin reproductive activities?
Definition
stimulation of the anterior pituitary by light, causing secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Term
Describe the ovary's response to the secretion of FSH
Definition
-hormone synthesis (estrogen, progesterone & testosterone)
-development of the medullary bone
-hepatic synthesis of lipids & proteins for yolk formation
-synthesis of albumen proteins, shell membranes, CaCO3 & cuticle
Term
What components of the egg are synthesized by the oviduct?
Definition
albumen proteins
CaCO3
shell membranes
cuticle
Term
What is the role of the egg yolk? How long does it take to mature, and when would production of the next yolk begin?
Definition
nutrients for the developing embryo

Yolk development takes 10 days to mature, second yolk will begin 1-2 days after the first yolk starts to mature
Term
Describe the hierarchy of maturation of follicles in a hen's ovary
Definition
-4 to 6 yolk-filled follicles 2-4cm
-numerous 6-12mm follicles where yolk deposition has started
-numerous white follicles less than 6mm
Term
Describe the steps involved in the release of a mature ovum
Definition
1. Progesterone produced by the ovary
2. Release of luteinizing hormone from the ovary
3. Ovulation of a mature ovum, released into body cavity
4. Infundibulumm catches the ovum
Term
What causes the egg to move through the oviduct?
Definition
muscular contractions
Term
What is the infundibulum?
Definition
a funnel which engulfs the yolk (ovum), holds it for 15-18 minutes for fertilization to take place
Term
Why is it important that the egg be fertilized in the infundibulum?
Definition
fertilization needs to occur before the first layer of albumin is deposited around the yolk,or else the sperm wouldn't be able to penetrate & fertilize the egg
Term
What is the role of the magnum? How long does the egg stay here?
Definition
-main secretory site of albumin
-egg remains in magnum for 2-3 hours
Term
What are the 3 layers of egg white produced in the magnum?
Definition
-chalaze/chalaza
-liquid inner white layer
-dense white layer (contains mucin which helps albumen stick to together)
Term
What are the functions of albumen?
Definition
-protect the embryo, prevent microbial growth
-source of water, protein & minerals for the embryo
-small role in calcium secretion
Term
True or False

Albumen is an excellent source of fat for the developing embryo
Definition
False, no fat!
Term
Where are protease inhibitors & Fe chelators found in a developing egg? What is their importance?
Definition
Found in albumen

Protease inhibitors prevent protein breakdown

Fe chelators bind iron so that is not available to microbes, prevents bacterial growth
Term
How long does the egg stay in the isthmus?
Definition
75 minutes
Term
Where are the inner & outer shell membranes formed?
Definition
the isthmus
Term
Describe the structure, function & permeability of the shell membranes
Definition
-appear as 1 mmb until the egg is laid
-will separate to form an air space which acts as protection
-membranes permit passage of gases & water, prevent passage of albumen & microbes
Term
The uterus is also known as...
Definition
the shell gland
Term
How long does the developing egg stay in the shell gland?
Definition
18-26 hours
Term
Where is the 4th albumin layer formed?
Definition
in the shell gland
Term
Where does the calcification process occur?
Definition
in the shell gland
Term
Describe the shell gland's calcification process
Definition
1. as egg leaves isthmus, Ca deposition starts on outer mmb
2. CaCO3 (limestone) forms inner shell
3. Hard calcite forms outer shell
Term
Where do the Ca and CaCO3 used in forming egg shells come from?
Definition
Calcium: from the diet & medullary bone stores
Carbonate: the blood & uterus itself
Term
True or False

the inner shell is twice as thick as the outer shell
Definition
False

the outer shell 2x as thick as the inner
Term
What structure separates the vagina from the shell gland?
Definition
uterovaginal sphincter
Term
Where is the cuticle formed & deposited, and what is its function?
Definition
In the vagina

-formed 30min before oviposition, acts as a lubricant to help in egg laying & limit exchange of air/water/bacteria/dust after the egg is laid
Term
What is the role of the vagina?
Definition
To help lay the egg
Term
Where is sperm stored in the chicken, and for how long?
Definition
in the vagina, 7-14 days in chickens, more than 21 in turkeys
Term
How does the internal air cell of the egg communicate with the external environment?
Definition
through eggshell pores

-diffusion of O2 in, CO2 & H2O out
Term
For how long does it take to complete 1 ovulation-oviposition cycle?
Definition
24-28 hours
Term
What is a clutch?
Definition
the number of consecutive days a hen lays an egg
Term
How many eggs does a hen produce on average?
Definition
340 eggs per year
Term
What are the components of the oviduct?
Definition
Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Shell Gland / Uterus
Vagina
Term
Where are spermatozoa formed, and where do they mature?
Definition
Formed: testes
Mature: epididymis
Term
At what age do hens reach sexual maturity?
Definition
17-19 weeks
Term
How does the structure of the ureter in male avian species defer from mammals?
Definition
Ureter goes directly from kidneys to the cloaca, rather than going to the bladder
Term
How is the location of the testes in avian species different from in mammals?
Definition
testes are internal, can tolerate much higher temperatures and still produce viable sperm
Term
Where is semen stored in the male avian reproductive tract, and how is this different from mammals?
Definition
Avian: stored in vas deferens Mammals: stored in epididymis
Term
True or False

Chickens do not have a soft palate
Definition
True
Term
What is the oropharynx?
Definition
common region of mouth & pharynx (mammals would have two distinct structures)
Term
What 3 regions/body systems converge at the cloaca?
Definition
-reproductive canal
-urinary canal
-digestive canal
Term
Why do birds excrete uric acid as opposed to urea?
Definition
-do not need large amount of water
-less toxic to developing embryo in egg
Term
Why is the avian circulatory system different from in mammals?
Definition
branching of carotids, with major arteries to the shoulder, wing & pectorals to supply flight muscles

anastomosis of jugulars so that blood flow is not constriced if they move their head when flying
Term
True or False

Birds have a larger diaphragm, proportionally, than mammals
Definition
False

no diaphragm
Term
True or False

Birds have C-shaped tracheal rings
Definition
False

they have complete rings
Term
What is the role of air sacs in the avian respiratory system?
Definition
act as bellows to ventilate the lungs
Term
What are the 2 major properties that distinguish the avian skeleton from the mammalian skeleton?
Definition
Designed for flight & laying eggs
Term
True or False

Mammals have fused vertebrae in the trunk, while birds do not
Definition
False

Birds have fused vertebrae (provides rigidity for flight) while mammals do not
Term
What structure forms the upper beak? The lower beak?
Definition
Upper: premaxillae
Lower: mandible
Term
Compare the number of cervical vertebrae in chickens to the number in farm animals
Definition
14 in chickens, 7 in farm animals
Term
How does the skull articulate with the vertebrae? What is the significance?
Definition
a ring-like atlas which articulates with the skull via 1 condyle (as opposed to 2), allows for a mobile antlatooccipital joint, more extensive rotation of the head
Term
How many thoracic vertebrae do birds have?
Definition
7 thoracic vertebrae
Term
What is the synasacrum?
Definition
Fused section of vertebrae
-7th thoracic, 14 lumbar/sacral & 1st caudal

Also fused to the ilium, acts as a shock absorber for legs & backbone when landing
Term
Where do the tail feathers attach?
Definition
to the pygostyle (a caudal vertebra)
Term
How is the avian ilium different from mammals?
Definition
very long, starts close to the thoracic vertebrae whereas in farm animals the structures are not close together
Term
Compare the flexibility of the neck & vertebral columns in avian species vs mammals
Definition
Avian: flexible neck, fused vertebral column

Mammals: rigid neck, flexible vertebral column
Term
How is the sternal attachment of ribs in birds different from mammals?
Definition
Birds: 1st & 2nd ribs are free, not attached to the sternum

Mammals: the last ribs are indirectly attached to the sternum via costal cartilage
Term
True or False

Avian ribs articulate with the vertebral column & sternum, and these articulations are separated by moveable joints
Definition
true
Term
The sternum is also known as...
Definition
The keel or carina
Term
Where do the flight muscles attach?
Definition
to the sternum
Term
What 3 bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Definition
clavicle, coracoid & scapula
Term
What is the wishbone?
Definition
fusion of the 2 clavicles
Term
What is the role of the coracoid?
Definition
keep the wings away from the sternum
Term
What is the role of the furcula?
Definition
keep the shoulder joints at an optimum distance during wing movement
Term
How is the attachment of the foreleg to the body different between mammals & avian species?
Definition
Mammals: scapula does not attach directly, the 'joint' is between bone & muscle

Birds: the scapula articulates with the body at the glenoid cavity, the joint is bone to bone
Term
Why do farm animals not have a clavicle?
Definition
because they do not need the same rotational freedom in the forelimb
Term
In birds, the ulna is ______ than the radius

(thicker/thinner)
Definition
thicker
Term
How does the structure of the pelvic girdle facilitate egg laying?
Definition
-ilium, ischium & pubis are partially fused, incomplete ventrally
Term
True or False

The avian pubis is proportionally much larger than in mammals to support egg laying
Definition
False

In avian species it is reduced to a tiny splint-like bone
Term
Describe the development of the tibia & fibula
Definition
The fibula becomes part of the tibia in-utero

Tibia fuses with proximal tarsus to form the tibiotarsus
Term
The femur articulates with the....
Definition
acetabulum
Term
What fused bones make up the tarsometatarsus?
Definition
distal tarsus + 2,3,4 metatarsals
Term
Describe the arrangement of the bird's hindlimb digits, and their importance
Definition
-3 anterior digits, 1 posterior
-facilitates perching
Term
Where do we find medullary bone? What is the importance?
Definition
in the femur, sternum, ribs, ulna & tibia

Soft & spongy, stores calcium needed for egg production
Term
What is cage layer fatigue?
Definition
Inadequate dietary calcium, can't support egg production, depletes the structural bone
Term
How much calcium is found in the medullary bone? How many grams of calcium are lost per egg?
Definition
5g in medullary bone
2g used per egg
Term
What is the largest muscle in the bird?
Definition
the pectoralis
Term
Is the pectoralis in chickens & turkeys made of red or white muscle fibers? What about pigeons?
Definition
white fibers

Pigeons have more red fibers to support endurance for flying
Term
What muscle provides the power stroke of the wing?
Definition
the pectoralis
Term
What muscle raises the wing?
Definition
the supracoracoideus
Term
What muscles are found in the thigh?
Definition
sartorius & iliotibialis
Term
Are leg muscles typically composed of white or red fibers?
Definition
red, need more endurance to keep body upright
Term
[image]
Definition

1. Testis

2. Epididymis

3. Vas deferens

4. Papilla

5. Urodaeum of cloaca

6. Ureters

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Tuber coxae

2. Acetabulum

3. Acetabular ramus of ischium

4. Tuber ischii

5. Symphysis pubis

6. Ilium

7. Pubis

8. Ischium

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Glenoid

2. Scapula

3. Coracoid

4. Clavicle

5. Sternum

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Humerus

2. Radius

3. Ulna

4. Carpals

5. Carpometacarpus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Pectoralis

2. Supercoracoideus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Sartorius

2. Iliotibalis

3. Biceps femoris

4. Semitendinosus

5. Semimembranosus

6. Gastocnemius

7. Peroneus longus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. Femur

2. Tibula

3. Tibiotarsus

4. Tersometatarsus

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