Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APV dz in budgerigars is confined to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to budgie nestling survivors of APV? |
|
Definition
| Shed virus in skin, feather dander, & droppings |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is APV most typical? |
|
Definition
| Nestling parrots (most commonly macaws, eclectus, conures) |
|
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Term
| What can happen to APV birds w/o CS? |
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Definition
| Many remain viremic & shed virus in their droppings (+/- feather dander & skin) --> become virus (-) (may still have Ab titer) |
|
|
Term
| APV: when does viremia occur? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can possibly happen with APV dz? |
|
Definition
| Severe CS & Death; No CS & Clear virus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Young birds: high nestling mortality; Fledgling morbidity |
|
|
Term
| What role do adults play in APV? |
|
Definition
| May be asymptomatic carriers |
|
|
Term
| What are the main CS of APV? |
|
Definition
| lethargy, fluffed, delayed crop emptying, sudden death |
|
|
Term
| What are other CS of APV? |
|
Definition
| Generalized hemorrhage, moderate to massive hepatic necrosis, immune-complex glomerulopathy |
|
|
Term
| What happens to birds with APV who display CS? |
|
Definition
| Most die w/i 24-48h of CS |
|
|
Term
| Budgies nestling mortality rate for APV may reach _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If APV budgie nestlings survive, what may occur? |
|
Definition
| May lose primary & secondary feathers ("French molt") |
|
|
Term
| What age lovebirds are affected w/ APV? How common is this? |
|
Definition
| Nestlings up to 1yo; Rare |
|
|
Term
| When do cockatoos present w/ APV & what are the CS? |
|
Definition
| 4-8wo; severe dyspnea & pneumonia; most die |
|
|
Term
| How often are adult birds w/ APV asymptomatic? What happens if they are clinical? |
|
Definition
| 99%; die & are usu inf. w/ PBFD concurrently |
|
|
Term
| Some birds w/ APV are _____ but develop _____. What usually happens to these birds? |
|
Definition
| BAR; Ascites; die or euthanized |
|
|
Term
| What causes edema in APV birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is APV detected in birds with ascites? |
|
Definition
| Viral IB rare or absent; PCR (+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psittacine Beak & Feather Dz |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Necropsy w/ histo INIB (& grossly pale tissues w/ ecchymoses/petechiae); Crop/choanal swab for virus neutralization assay of Abs; PCR (birds & env) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| PCR/VN of introduced birds; frequent env testing (esp nurseries); no intro of new birds to nurseries once season begins; vx if in groups/flocks; Proper husbandry/adequate quarantine measures |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of PBFD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starts w/ lack of beak & down powder, then progresses to feather loss, abn pin feathers (constricted, clubbed, or stunted), abnormal mature feathers (blood in shaft), & eventual necrosis/fracture of distal beak & exposure of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic progressive dz of birds 8-10mo; very contagious & usually terminal |
|
|
Term
| What happens to most birds w/ PBFD? |
|
Definition
| Die in 6-12mo; some live yrs |
|
|
Term
| What is a common sequel of PBFD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe PBFD in cockatoos. |
|
Definition
| Acute infection in nestlings; regurgitation --> constricting annular feather bands --> death |
|
|
Term
| Describe PBFD in African Greys. |
|
Definition
| May have rapid fatal form: crop stasis, regurg, weakness --> death (noted liver necrosis) OR classic form |
|
|
Term
| Describe PBFD in lovebirds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe PBFD in Eclectus parrots. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe PBFD in budgies. |
|
Definition
| affected as fledglings & lose primaries & secondaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common; mortality rate ~30% |
|
|
Term
| PBFD often occurs with _____. |
|
Definition
| Polyomavirus (French molt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gross appearance, PCR (definitive), Biopsies of affected feather follicles showing basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions |
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|
Term
| PBFD often warrants ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prevention for PBFD? |
|
Definition
| Proper husbandry & quarantines |
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of PBFD (+) birds, regardless of whether they are showing CS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to birds that no longer have PBFD in the blood? |
|
Definition
| May continue to shed virus in feather & skin dander until next molt |
|
|
Term
| To prevent PBFD, what should be done prior to introduction of new birds into a collection? |
|
Definition
| Proper quarantine & testing of all birds |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Pacheco's dz? |
|
Definition
| Herpesvirus (multiple serotypes & genotypes w/i PsHV1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a general description of PD. |
|
Definition
| Highly contagious, acute dz, associated w/ stress & contact w/ oral secretions & MM contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PD Incubation --> _____ --> _____ |
|
Definition
| Virus replication (multiple organs) = viremia; Necrosis of infected cells = CS |
|
|
Term
| What are the main CS of PD? |
|
Definition
| non-specific (lethargy, depression, anorexia) or acute death in well-fleshed birds & bright yellow urates w/ scant feces |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common CS of PD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe PD in cockatiels & cockatoos. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What birds become PI with PD? |
|
Definition
| macaws, amazons, lovebirds, conures, cockatoos, cockatiels |
|
|
Term
| What blood picture may be seen w/ PD? |
|
Definition
| Increased ALT; Leukopenia |
|
|
Term
| What is felt in the coelom of PD birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can PD be Dx? How is it usu Dx? |
|
Definition
| PCR swabs of tissues, no gross or histo lesions may be evident, but often see hepatomegaly or hepatic necrosis, splenomegaly, renomegaly, mottling & ecchymoses or petechiae on pericardium or fat; b/o Hx + CS + lab findings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acyclovir can be used in feed during outbreak (preventative) |
|
|
Term
| Risk of increased transmission of PD due to _____ is great. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prevention for PD? |
|
Definition
| Proper husbandry & control |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of Fowl Pox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the geographic range of Poxvirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required for Pox inf to enter the body? |
|
Definition
| injury (most vectors - mosquitoes, direct via env contam) |
|
|
Term
| What are the hosts of Poxvirus? |
|
Definition
| Many avian spp (poultry, pet, wild birds) |
|
|
Term
| How many forms of Poxvirus CS exist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of Poxvirus? |
|
Definition
| Cutaneous; Diphtheritic ("wet" form); Acute onset |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Cutaneous CS of Pox. |
|
Definition
| Discrete papules, pustules, or crusty scabs (d/o stage of inf) devo on unfeathered areas eg face (notably periorbital area & commissures of mouth) & wings, legs & feet |
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality rate of Cutaneous Pox? |
|
Definition
| Low; Infection usually self-limiting & lesions spontaneously regress in ~6wk |
|
|
Term
| What are some preventive measures for Cutaneous Pox? |
|
Definition
| Control vectors; Treat for secondary inf |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of Pox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the diphtheritic form of Pox arise? |
|
Definition
| May progress from cutaneous form or present independently |
|
|
Term
| Describe the diphtheritic form of Pox. |
|
Definition
| Blepharitis, chemosis, & conjunctivitis are followed by fibronecrotic lesions on MM of oropharynx, URT & esoph |
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality rate of the diphtheritic form of Pox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3rd form of Pox. What are the CS? |
|
Definition
| Acute onset of generalized signs of dz progresses into air sacs & organ systems; Depression, cyanosis, anorexia, rapid death |
|
|
Term
| What is the only method for Pox prevention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gross lesions & CS, eosinophilic ICIB (Bollinger's bodies), virus isolation & typical histo findings of epidermal hyperplasia w/ ballooning degen, intraepithelial vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No lesion Tx; supportive pt care (parenteral Vit A, ophthalmic ointments, heat, humidity, parenteral antibiotics, supplemental feeding, daily cleansing of affected areas; Vector control (mosquitoes) |
|
|
Term
| What is Pox control primarily useful for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are birds vx against Pox? |
|
Definition
| inj wing web or w/ stick/brush |
|
|
Term
| When are chickens vx against Pox? |
|
Definition
| 4-6wk; booster @ 16-18wk (patagium) |
|
|
Term
| When are turkeys vx against Pox? |
|
Definition
| 10-14wk; revax q 3-4mo (stick method) |
|
|
Term
| How many types of vx are used for Pox? What are they? |
|
Definition
| 2 (both contain live virus); Fowl pox vx (primarily for chickens & turkey), & Pigeon Pox vx (primarily for pet birds) |
|
|
Term
| What are some add'l Pox vx available in the US for commercial use? |
|
Definition
| Turkey pox vx, Quail pox vx, Canary pox vx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proventricular Dilatation Dz |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of PDD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What birds are affected by PDD? |
|
Definition
| Mostly psittacines, but also noted in falcons/geese; Most common in African Grey parrots, also in macaws & cockatoos |
|
|
Term
| What was PDD formerly known as? |
|
Definition
| Macaw Wasting Dz/Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What age birds are affected w/ PDD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PDD has _____ spread of infection w/i a collection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will the o often note in cases of PDD? |
|
Definition
| Crop is not emptying for several hrs; bird falling off perch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilation (often massive) of proventriculus (forming "J" shape & causing ventriculus to be palpable), anorexia, regurg, passing of undigested seeds in feces, diarrhea, neuro signs (head tremors, seizures, CP deficits), wt loss, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CS in living; Rarely on biopsy but usu necropsy path; Gross: dilated thin proven in 70% of cases, distended duod, etc; Micro: lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis of splanchnic nn of crop/esoph, proven, gizzard, intestine, adrenalitis, myocarditis, neuritis, encephalomyelitis, choroiditis; Abn fecal Gr stain often w/ yeast overgrowth |
|
|
Term
| What is the standardized Bornavirus test? (PDD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quarantine, liquid diet, +/- Celecoxib, Tx for secondary inf |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevention for PDD? |
|
Definition
| Quarantine & remove affected birds; Hygiene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of NCD are we concerned w/? |
|
Definition
| Viscerotropic velogenic NCD |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of NCD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are paramyxovirus strains b/o? |
|
Definition
| embryonic mortality level |
|
|
Term
| What are the strains of Paramyxovirus type 1? |
|
Definition
| Lentogenic; Mesogenic (formerly); Velogenic: VVND or "exotic" NCD |
|
|
Term
| Describe the virulence of the paramyxo strains. |
|
Definition
Lentogenic/Mesogenic: variable virulence (60-90+h);
Velogenic: virulent form (<60h) |
|
|
Term
| NCD is a _____, & a significant threat to the poultry industry _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by resp aerosols, fecal contam of food or water, direct contact w/ inf birds, & fomites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asymptomatic or acute death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression, anorexia, wt loss, sneezing, nasal dischg, dyspnea, conjunctivitis, bright yellow-green diarrhea, ataxia, head bobbing, opisthotonos |
|
|
Term
| What can occur in prolonged cases of NCD? |
|
Definition
| uni or bilateral wing & leg paralysis, chorea, torticollis, dilated pupils |
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