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Auburn University A&P I Test 2
patterns of ossification; general characteristics of skeleton
61
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2011

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Term
ossification
Definition
hardening process from cartilage to bone
Term
flat bones
Definition
embryological material- mesenchyme; ossification type- intramembranous; structure- mostly spongy bone within thin coat of compact bone; examples: all skull bones, sternum, scapula, ribs
Term
skull bones + sternum + scapula + ribs
Definition
flat bones
Term
bones that come from mesenchyme (embryological material)
Definition
flat bones + irregular bones (via intramembranous ossification)
Term
flat bones embryological material
Definition
mesenchyme
Term
flat bones ossification type
Definition
intramembranous
Term
flat bones structure
Definition
mostly spongy bone within thin coat of compact bone
Term
flat bone examples
Definition
all skull bones, sternum, scapula, ribs
Term
irregular bones
Definition
embryological material- mesenchyme; ossification type- intramembranous; structure- mostly spongy bone within thin coat of compact bone; examples- vertebrae & hip bones
Term
irregular bones embryological material
Definition
mesenchyme
Term
irregular bones structure
Definition
mostly spongy bone within thin coat of compact bone
Term
irregular bones examples
Definition
vertebrae & hip bones
Term
vertebrae bones
Definition
irregular bones
Term
mostly spongy bone within thin coat of compact bone
Definition
flat & irregular bones
Term
short bones
Definition
embryological material- hyaline cartilage; ossification type- endochondrial; structure- cube-shaped, mostly spongy with a thin coat of compact bone
Term
short bones embryological material
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
short bones ossification type
Definition
endochondrial
Term
short bones structure
Definition
cube-shaped, mostly spongy with a thin coat of compact bone
Term
short bone examples
Definition
wrists & ankles
Term
long bones
Definition
embryological material- hyaline cartilage; ossification type- endochondrial; examples- femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna; characteristics- articular cartilage, epiphyses, diaphysis, periosteum, endosteum
Term
long bones embryological material
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
long bones ossification type
Definition
endochondrial
Term
long bones examples
Definition
femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
hyaline cartilage at the ends of long bones
Term
epiphysis
Definition
distal & proximal ends of long bones, mostly made up of spongy bone; contains red marrow, which does hematopoiesis [blood cell formation]; sternum- becomes a major location for hematopoiesis in adults
Term
sternum
Definition
example of flat bone; becomes a major location of hematopoiesis in later adulthood
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
blood cell formation; occurs in red marrow (in epiphyses & diaphyses of long bones) & in sternum in later adulthood
Term
red marrow
Definition
does hematopoiesis (blood cell formation); located in epiphyses & diaphyses of long bones
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft of long bone, made of compact bone; contains red & yellow marrow; red marrow does hematopoiesis & yellow marrow (contained in medullary cavity) does fat & energy storage
Term
yellow marrow
Definition
fat & energy storage; located in diaphyses of long bones
Term
periosteum
Definition
outer/ fibrous layer + inner/osteogenic layer
Term
outer/ fibrous layer of periosteum
Definition
dense connective tissue; protection, also from infection
Term
inner/osteogenic layer
Definition
osteoprogenitor cells + osteoblasts + osteoclasts
Term
osteoprogenitor cells
Definition
MITOTIC; give rise to osteoblasts (inner, osteogenic layer of periosteum, & in endosteum, which is contained in medullary cavity)
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
NON-MITOTIC; cells that build bone & kill cartilage; transformation from cartilage to bone; turn into osteocytes; (found in inner/osteogenic layer of periosteum & in endosteum, which is contained in the medullary cavity)
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
NON-MITOTIC; break down & shape bone, form medullary cavity, mobilize Ca & P salts; monocytes give rise to osteoclasts; found in inner, osteogenic layer of periosteum & in endosteum, which is contained in the medullary cavity
Term
monocytes
Definition
white blood cells that give rise to osteoclasts
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
embryological material- mesenchyme; sheets of soft mesenchyme invaded by blood vessels in utero; osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts start building & breaking down bone matrix; bone type- flat bones & irregular bones; examples- skull bones, scapula, sternum, ribs (<- flat) & vertebrae & hip bones <- irregular
Term
intramembranous ossification embryological material
Definition
mesenchyme
Term
intramembranous ossification mechanism
Definition
soft sheets of mesenchyme invaded by blood vessels in utero; osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts start building & breaking down bone matrix
Term
intramembranous ossification bone type
Definition
flat bones & irregular bones
Term
examples of bones from intramembranous ossification
Definition
skull bones, scapula, ribs, sternum// vertebrae & hips
Term
endochondrial ossification
Definition
embryological material- hyaline cartilage; mechanism- middle of hyaline cartilage becomes invaded by blood vessels "primary ossification center"; osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts present- osteoblasts start to make bone & kill off hyaline cartilage, & osteoclasts shape out medullary cavity; secondary ossification center: takes place at ends of cartilage & gives rise to epiphyses; epiphyseal plates; zones; bone type- long bones & short bones
Term
endochondrial ossification embryological material
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
endochondrial ossification mechanism
Definition
middle of hyaline cartilage becomes invaded by blood vessels: "primary ossification center"; osteoprogenitor cells give rise to osteoblasts; osteoblasts start to make bone & kill off hyaline cartilage; & osteoclasts shape out medullary cavity; secondary ossification center takes place at ends of cartlage & gives rise to epiphyses
Term
osteoblasts role in endochondrial ossification
Definition
start to make bone & kill of hyaline cartilage
Term
osteoclasts role in endochondrial ossification
Definition
shape out medullary cavity
Term
secondary ossification center
Definition
takes place at ends of cartilage & gives rise to epiphyses
Term
epiphyseal plates
Definition
band of hyaline cartilage at junction of diaphysis & epiphyses that allow for growth of long bones
Term
zones at proximal end of long bones, proximal- distal
Definition
zone of resting cartilage- zone of mitotic cartilage/proliferation- zone of hypertrophy (enlarging cells) - zone of calcified matrix (invaded by osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts)
Term
bone type for endochondrial ossification
Definition
long bones & short bones
Term
examples of bones that undergo endochondrial ossification
Definition
humerus, tibia, fibula, humerus, wrists, ankles
Term
functions of skeleton
Definition
protection, support, movement, MINERAL STORAGE, BLOOD PRODUCTION, ENERGY STORAGE
Term
osteocytes
Definition
NON-MITOTIC, embedded in bone
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
come from monocytes (WBCs); non-mitotic; shape bone by chiseling; carve out medullary cavity by: *secretes enzymes & acids *enzymes break down proteins * acids dissolve CaPO4 salts * releases salts into bloodstream * specificallt shapes MATRIX (osteons of compact bone & trabeculae of spongy bone)
Term
osteons/haversian systems
Definition
35% collagen (organic component of skeletal system); collagen gives flexibility & tensile strength. 65% CaPO4 salts (inorganic components of skeletal system); salts give strength against compression
Term
collagen concentration in osteons
Definition
35%--> collagen gives flexibility & tensile strength; bone is as strong as steel in resistance to being pulled apart
Term
CaPO4 salt concentration in osteons
Definition
65%--> strength against compression; bone has 1/2 strength of steel against compression
Term
functions of skeletal system
Definition
protection, support, movement, MINERAL STORAGE, BLOOD PRODUCTION, ENERGY STORAGE
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
brittle bones: more common in women b/c of drop in estrogen after menopause
Term
bone morphology
Definition
determines composition of spongy bone vs. compact bone; all bones have both compact & spongy bone
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