american colonists dressed as indians and dumped tea into the boston harbor in protest of the monoply on tea awared by parliement to the east india trading co.

reinforced french belief in a representive governement and individual liberty

signed by the second continental congress on July 4, 1776

written by Thomas Jefferson

listed the tryannical acts of King George III and declared the American states as independent

universilized the traditional rights of english people

"all men are created equal..."

inspired french to right their own decleration

same rights where granted to french citizens

Influenced "The Rights of Man and the Citizen"

statement of 10 basic rights all french citizens inherently had:

right to be free and equal

right to freedom of religion

right to freedom of speech

The Enlightenment

the ideology that intellectual progress was possible for everyone

questioned traditional institutions, customs, and morals

spark that light the fuse of the French Revolution

group of high ranking nobles and clergymen who advised the king in 1788 and 1789

opposed the tax on landed property

wanted to gain back the power they had lost under Louis's father from the weak king

oppulent palace of the royal family

12 miles outside of paris

known for the gambling and drinking parties of the royal court

the nobles and clergymen who served the king

where granted special "royal privledges"

system based on title and position

pre-enlightenment

practice form middle ages

noble had control over a certain area and the peasent class worked for him tending the land, maintaining the roads, etc.

poor did not have any rights

could not keep their own land or be their own people

cause of the french revolution: peasents wanted to end it

Made up of elected officials from each "estate"

each estate= one vote

called into session after more than 100 years

King agreed to call the Estates General after being pressured by the the Assembly of Notables

showed that everyone wanted major change in france

King of France during the French Revolution

became known as "Citizen Capot" after loosing his throne

was convicted of crimes against the government

sentenced to death by guillotine

died January 1793

1789-1791

was the first legislative body of the French Revolution

made up of third estate members and a few nobles/clergy who joined them

pledged to write a new constitution for France

"tennis court oath"

oath sworne by the National Assembly on the King's Tennis Court

swore they would not disband until they had written a new constitution

The Tennis Court Oath

Jacques-Louis David

October 5-6, 1789

several thousand working class women marched on Versailles demanding action

food shortages and the poor where starving

women demanded the Queen's head for her lack of action

instead: the royal family was forced back to Paris

summer of 1789

peasents began to raise agianst their lords

destroyed manor houses

burned fedual documents setting themselves free

fear of peasent uprising

July 14, 1789

royal armory

taken over by the working class people of Paris

action taken against the king and the monarchy

people took up arms to defend themselves from their king

french independence day

the legal end of the old regime

the members of the National Assembly meet and formally renounced their royal privledges in favor of equality

developed a new order in france

pacify the peasent and the Great Fear

wealthy and educated middle class citizens who paid taxes to the new government

granted the right to vote

poor and uneducated citizens

peasents and the city working class

had rights and freedoms, but did not pay taxes

where not allowed to vote

felt their issues and grievances where not addressed by others

created tension between citizens

second legislative body of the revolution

 new delegates and a new attitude

where young and less cautious

divided authority between the governement and the monarchy

established active and passive citizens

did not allow for the formation of unions 

did not want economic equality amongst all the people 

limited monarchy 

king could still be king but had limited power

was accountable to his people 

has to work with the legislative assembly 

the removal of the divine sanction that gave the kings their absolute power and authority

gradual shift from an absolute monarchy to an elected government

bonds created by the legislative assembly

used to help with the national debt

backed by seized church lands

painter during the french revolution

famous painting include:

The Tennis Court Oath

The Coronation of Napoleon

condemened the french constitution and the new government

was in opposition to the legislative assembly

Louis XVI and Marie Antionette tried to escape to Austria

plan was to gain political support and troops before reclaiming france

stopped at french-austrian border

recognized and taken under house arrest by government

turning point in the revolution

clergy who swore an oath to favor the government over the church

where elected to office by the public

became government officals

clergy who where pro-papal

where removed from their office

continued to hold illegal masses

civil constitution of the clergy

law passed on July 12, 1790

subbordinated roman-catholic church to the french government

disbanned and closed monostaries and abbeys

convinscated church lands

1792 - 1795

also called the Radical Phase of the Revolution

period marked by mass hysteria, war, and upheaval

Austria and Prussia 1792

Britain, Netherlands and Spain 1793

neighboring monarchies began to feel threatened by the revolutionary actions

term meaing "without cullotes or without short pants"

revolutionary urban class

wanted food shortages addressed and their "everyday" issues addressed

didn't care about the monarchy or civil rights

Sept. 1792

called upon to make a deomcractic constitution

First Republic of France

created new popular culture, new symbols that embraced the new

eliminated saint's days on the calender

convicted and executed the royal family

12 men committee lead by Robespierre

was created to deal with threats to the revolution

under Robespierre took dictoral control

worked with sans-cullotes to establish a planned economy; addressed their issues

prompted the Reign of Terror 1793-1794

british legislator

published "reflections on the Revolution in France"

condemed the revolution saying that such reforms could only lead to tyranny and chaos and defended the inherited privledges of the british aristocracy and monarchy

Revolutionary writer

supported the war

claimed that monarchies where out dated and that freedom and equality where the future of government

Republic of Virtue:

Revolutionary Society free of vice

led by Robespierre as part of the de-christianization of the french society

propents followed the writting of Jean-Jaques Rousseau

call to millitary service for all citizens

used to help fight the wars agianst their neighboring enemies

peasants from western france where drafted into the army when the numbers began to drop

peasents from western france revolted agianst the government after being drafted

rebellion was encourged by the devout catholics, royalists, and foreign agents

fighting between the parties of the national convention

1793-1794

led by robespierre as a way to solidify the home front

conviened special trials for "enemies of the nation"

tried, convicted, and executed anyone suspected of being agianst the revolution

used the reign of terror to eliminate his political critics and enemies

ended with robespierre's own execution

the period after the execution of Robespierre

reaction to the reign of terror

resembled the early days of the revolution

middle class took control of the national convention

aboloished economic controls sending the economy into sky rocketing inflation and destroyed the revolutionary attituded of the poor

restricted the meeting places of the sans-cullotes

allowed the return of the Catholic Church

attempt to end the church's influence

replaced the religious calander of seven days and the holy day of sunday with a 10 day week calender

removed all of the saints days and religious aspects of holidays

device made of wood with a steel blade

the blade was released by pushing a handle that caused the blade to drop, lopping off the head of the victim

efficient form of execution, accurate everytime

replaced tradition beheading, which could take 3 or 4 tries to completely sever the head

napoleon's first government from 1799 to 1804

first consul of the republic

republican facade to napolean's real dictatorship

Napolean Bonaparte

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French

French military hero during the french revolution

french dictator

won the battle with austria, created peace with Britian

founds the Bank of France

creates the Napoleonic Code limiting the rights of women

crowned himself emperor of France

tried to concure russia

believed in the pirncipals of the revolution

Napoleon's birth place

French "territory" near Italy in the Medditerian Sea

the Eurpopean empire napoleon built through key military victories

The core: France, Belgium, Holland, parts of northern Italy,and German territory on the east bank of the Rhine

2nd part: dependent satallite kingdoms ruled by his large family

3rd part: independent but allied states of Prussia, Austria, and Russia

The first site of Napoleon's exile

Island of the coast of Italy

was allowed to keep his title and france had to pay him a yearly income

escaped from Elba and retook control of France briefly in 1815 from Louis XVIII

was defeated agian at the battle of Waterloo

second and last site of napoleon's exile

rocky island off the coast of Africa

was completely stripped of all titles and money

stayed there and wrote his memoirs

had serious conflicts with Napoleon I

Signed the Concordate of 1801

Pope gained the right for Catholics to practice in France but Napoleon gianed political power

government nominated bishops, paid clergy, and exerted influence over the church

The Continental System Agianst Great Britian

Napoleon's plan to weaken great britian by blockading its goods from entering continental Europe

was supposed to be inforced by the members of the Great Empire

army Napoleon used to invade Russia

only 1/3 french

others where from satallite kingdoms and allied countries

destroyed in the retreat from Moscow during the Russian winter thanks to starvation, cold, and the russian army

June 1812: Napoleon invades Russia with 600,000 men

blamed Alexander I for the failure of the british blockage

fought the Battle of Bordoino: ended in a draw

Russian winter, army, and starvation eventually forced napoleon to leave Moscow after 5 weeks

broke Napoleon's support from France

1815

marked the end of the Hundred Days

Napoleon breifly retook control of France after escaping from Elba

was soundly defeated by the allied forces led by the Duke of Wellington

1814-1815

redrew the map of continental Europe

created to deal with issues arising from the french revolution, napoleonic wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 

Venezuala

played a key role in hispanic america's independence from the Spanish Empire

a slave that was emancipated and became a french soldier

Took control of Saint-Dominque (Haiti) from first Spain and then France

established himself as governor/dictator of the island

was imprissoned by Napoleon in France

direct result of Napoleon taking control of Spain

New Spain (Mexico) followed in the foot steps of its Latin American sisters countries and began to fight for independence

the allied forces of Great Britian, Russia, Austria, and Prussia moved to defeat napopleon

patriots of france and the rest of europe followed them

a system of farming developed by the peasents where large fields where divided into sections and then strips and each peasent worked a particular strip

the strip usually overlapped several properties

based on the idea of common rights

peasent farmers shared equal rights to the land so long as they worked their section

was abolished with the enclosure acts

William III and Mary II

establishment of a true constitution monarchy

bloodless revolution

desribes the burst of major inventions and the techincal changes in certain industries

was the child of the agriculutural revolution

saw a shift from the cottage industry and the work of the craftsman to the formation of the factor and the factory worker

began in Great Britian

gradual change in the way that farms worked

shift from open-field system and annual fallowing to enclosed farming with continous rotation

increased economic profits

freed everyone from having to farm for food

some could farm and others could be come builders, craftsman, etc. 

production and out-put of products was done in the home instead of in a factory

usually poor or middle class

additional source of income

merchant-capitalists would bring raw material to the cottagers

cottagers spun and wove the raw material into finished products

cheap labor but hard to control

invented by James Hargreaves

enabled workers to spin 6 to 24 spools of cotton at one time by moving the shuttle with one hand and spinning the wheel with the other

traditional method: one spool of cotton at a time on a traditional spinning wheel

invented by Thomas Savery in 1698

Thomas Newcomen in 1705

burned coal was used to create steam and the steam then turned a pump

cut down on the less efficent human and animal labor

became a huge part of transportation

invented by Richard Arkwright

could only spin course thread that had to be refined

could spin several hundred spools at a time

water powered

first employed in mills and factories

1851 London

made entirely of glass and iron

Great Britian was "the worshop of the world"

showed the advantages of the industrial revolution

handcraft workers

believed that the machines where putting them out of work

attacked and destroyed whole factories of machines

the small workshops that still used the time honored traditions of hand crafted items

smaller "luxury" items instead of mass produced factory items

the shifting of large numbers of peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

consequence of mass industrialization

the develepoment of seperate classes becuase of the practice of class feeling

factory owners acted above everyone else becuase they thought they where supposed to and created class divisions

early british industrial cities

factory towns that concentrated around certain raw materials

Leeds: coal and cotton

Manchester: "cottontopolis"

Glasgow: coal

Birmingham: textiles  

Hard Times

Charles Dickens

dickens wrote about conditions in the factories and factory towns

based in a fiction town called "coke town"

focused public attention toward the factories

increased public awareness and outrage

anti-industrialization

promoted the idealized "old life" of farming and agriculture

laws passed by parliment allowing private property to be enclosed in the villages

ended the open-field system

key contributing factor to the industrialization of Great Britian

most stable bank in history

could provide loans and reap the payments of interest on business ventures

"hands off"

term applied to business by government

government would keep its hands out of business and let the businesss succeed or fail on its own merrits

principle adopted by the American democracy

came from a scottish banker

wrote "Essay on the Principles of Population"

argued that the populations of the industrial era would grow faster than the food supply

claimed that the only way to avoid destruction was "prudential restraint" between young men and women and encouraged them to marry late in life

written by David Ricardo

argued wages would always sink to subsistence level-where wages would just be high enough to keep from starving

wages would sink becuase of the pressures of population growth

1799

parliment outlawed unions and strikes

reaction to the French Revolution

disregarded by most factory workers

Beginning 1833

limited the factory workday for children 

prohibbited children under the age of 9 from working in the factories

factory owners had to establish schools that the children had to attend

prohibbited women from working in the mines

and boys under the age of 10

result of the diviation of labor based on gender

established in 1834 by Robert Owen

idea was to create a national union for all workers that would collectively set wages, hours, and safety regulations

fell apart rapidly