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| English Separatists who sailed for America |
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| a temporary agreement written by the Pilgrims that established civil authority for the Plymouth Colony |
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| King of England who enforced British laws on American colonies |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| Document signed on July 4, 1776, written to gain American independence from Britain |
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George Washington
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| General of the American army during the Revolutionary War, later the 1st president of the United States |
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| Signed in 1783 in which the British officially acknowledge the independence of America |
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| type of government where the national government has some powers and state governments have other powers |
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| government based on the consent of the people (for the people, by the people) |
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| the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution |
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| the name given to the political and social order in France before the French Revolution |
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| one class of French society, consisted of the clery of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| consisted of the nobility |
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| the largest estate, 98 percent of French Population, consisted of middle class, city laborers, and rural laborers |
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| system of forced labor, peasants working for nobility or the government |
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King Louis XVI (16th)
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| King of France when the French Revolution started, known for not caring about government and indulging in a life of pleasure |
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| grievances that the French people had, presented to the King |
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| the members of the Third Estate, upon finding the doors of the National Assembly locked, made their own oath on the royal tennis court that they would not disperse until a constitution had been written |
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| Storming of the Bastille, start of the French Revolution, now celebrated as France's Independence Day |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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| After the French Revolution, the National Assembly adopted this document summarizing the rights of the citizens |
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| paper money, backed by the value of the church's land, that the new Assembly in France used to pay off the debts of the government |
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| Civil Constituion of the Clergy |
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| Bill passed by the Assembly in France that put the church under state control, said that the clergy would be elected by the people, and made the clergy take a vow of loyalty to the state |
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| people who wanted to overthrow the monarchy in France completely, often stirred up mobs in the cities (Marat, Danton, and Robespierre were three influential men in this group) |
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George-Jacques Danton
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| influential Jacobin, led a mob that murdered the king's guards, leader (almost dictator) of France for 2 months during the transition from monarchy to republic |
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Maximilien de Robespierre
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| Paris workers who supported the Jacobins |
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| The Duke of Brunswick, leader of the Austrian and Prussian armies, called upon the French people to support the King and get rid of rebels |
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| the National Convention got rid of the monarchy and proclaimed 1792 to be Year One of the French Republic |
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| Committee of Public Safety |
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| 12 men, with Robespierre as their leader, who led the French government during the war |
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| a decree that called upon all French citizens to participate in the war |
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| a temporary alliance of nations |
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| new government established at the end of the National Convention that provided a two-chamber legislature: the Council of Give Hundred and the Council of Ancients and an executive branch called the Directors |
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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| influential leader of France, ruled from 1796 to 1815; built up French empire and declared himself emperor; was defeated in Leipzig and exiled to Elba; escaped from Elba and tried to take over Paris but was defeated at Waterloo and banished to St. Helena |
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| a sudden and illegal seizure of power |
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| codification of French laws (systemized the various laws of France) |
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| a plan to attack the British where Napoleon planned to block Europe's ports to British ships |
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| when an army burns everything as they retreat so that nothing will be left to the enemy |
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Duke of Wellington
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| British leader who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo |
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Boston
important city in colonies, sight of Boston Tea Party during the American Revolution |
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Saratoga
turning point in the American Revolution, the American forces won a major victory over the British here; this victory led the French to support the Americans |
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Yorktown
American and French troops defeated the British army led by Lord Cornwallis, the end of the war |
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Corsica
birth place of Napoleon |
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Alexandria
place where British navy blockaded French ships causing Napoleon to go back to France |
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Trafalgar
British navy defeated the French navy, ensuring Britain's control of the seas |
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Austerlitz
Napoleon's armies defeated Austria and Russie (Britain's allies) here; known as his greatest victory |
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Berezina River
On their retreat from the Grand Army (Napoleon's army gathered to defeat Russia), the Russians burned everything including the bridges at the Berezina River; here, the French army had to turn around and retreat the Paris |
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Leipzig
Napoleon's forces were finally defeated here, later called the Battle of the Nations |
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Elba
Napoleon was forced to live here after his defeat; he escaped from Elba in 1815 and tried to take control once again |
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Waterloo
Place of Napoleon's final defeat by Duke of Wellington |
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St. Helena
small island where Napoleon was forced to live until his death |
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| List three reasons colonists settled in North America. |
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| - free to worship God without government oppositions - sought to escape oppression and poverty - some sought adventure - some sought wealth |
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| List the three estates in French society and identify which groups of people belonged to each estate. |
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Everyone else included middle class, city laborers, and rural laborers (98 percent of the French population) |
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| List three major causes of the French Revolution. |
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1. Social Inequality (Three estates)
2. Political Inefficiency (King Lous SVI led a lavish lifestyle and was unconcerned with government or ruling France)
3. Economic Irresponsibility (unbalanced tax system and verge of bankruptcy) |
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| Beginning with the absolute monarchy under Louis XVI and going through the dictatorship of Napoleon, identify the various stages of the French Revolution and the person/people in control of each phase. |
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May and June 1789 - King and Estates General - Louis XVI
1789-91 - National Assembly and King (limited monarchy - Upper middle class
1791-92 - Legislative Assembly and King (limited monarchy) - Upper middle class
1792-95 - National Conventoin (republic) - Upper middle class
1795-1799 - Directory (oligarchy) - Partisan mobs/Robespierre
1799 - 1804 - Consulate (dictatorship) - Upper middle class
1804 - 1815 - Empire (dictatorship) - Napoleon |
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| How were the American and French Revoultions similar? |
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1. both upset by unfair taxation, unjust government
2. both influenced by ideas of the Enlightenment (liberty, equality) |
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| How were the American and French Revolutions different? |
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1. American Revolution has religious (Protestant-Puritan) heritage that helped protect it from destruction that occured in France
2. American leaders recognized responsibility that comes with liberty
3. French Revolution was led by radicals who only emphasized liberty |
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| What is the source of liberty? What is the only way people have true liberty? |
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| Liberty comes through regeneration (truth, John 8:32). The truth is what sets people free. Knowing Jesus Christ is the only way for people to have true liberty. |
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| Commanded the British fleet that destroyed the French fleet (led by Napoleon) in Alexandria; blockaded the French and cut them off from spllies; caused Napoleon to leave Egypt and head back to France |
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| Following the Seven Years' War, what did England expect from its colonies in exchange for the benefits England provided? |
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| They expected the colonies to make financial contributions (by paying taxes and putting restrictions on trade) |
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| What was at the root of the colonial protest against the actions of Parliament? |
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| After 150 years of noninterference, the American colonists resented the new invasion into their affairs |
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| What battle fought on October 1777 was the turning point for independence? |
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| Battle of Saratoga, France openly supported the Americans after this victory |
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| Who had the greatest tax burden under the French system of taxation? |
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| Those who had the least (the peasants) |
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| What were the three types of taxes that they had to pay? |
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| The taille (tax on real and personal property), the capitation (tax on each person), and the vengtieme (income tax) |
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| List one grievance brought by the Third Estate to the Estates-General |
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| written constitution, equal taxation, equal justice, destruction of Feudalism |
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| What is the period from 1796 to 1815 in European history often called? |
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| What event officially brought an end to the French Republic? In what year did it occur? |
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| Republic officially ended when Napoleon was proclaimed emperor of France on December 2, 1804 |
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| What battle illsutrates the military genious of Napoleon and is often called his greatest triumph? |
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| What country did Napoleon invade in 1812? What policy did the country practice to impede the French invasion |
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| Russia; scorched-earth policy |
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| Describe some of the changes made by the leaders of the French Revolution. |
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| Changed to metric system (still exists); new revolutionary calendar (12 30 days months, years were numbered from beginning of Republic instead of of brith of Christ), established a ten day week with the 10th day being a day of rest (lasted less than 15 years);attempted to change religion, Robespieree wanted a "cult of reason" in which people would worship human wisom |
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| Why was the guillotine so popular for executions? |
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| The Republic wanted to treat everyone equally. The rich were already used to being executed this way. During the Revolution, all men were given as human an execution as possible (the guillotine) |
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| How did the French Revolution influence the terms "left", "center", and "right" when describing political ideas and preferences? |
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| In the National Assembly, the Girondins sat on the right (they were conservative), the Jacobins sat on the left (they were radicals), and some sat in the center who wanted changes, but not as much as the Jacobins (they were moderates). |
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| Where were the first shots of the American War for Independence fired? |
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