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ATE2722C
Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine
386
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
05/21/2013

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the scientific name for the domestic ferret?
Definition
Mustela putorius furo
Term
What is the length of Mustela putorius furo?
Definition
44-46cm
Term
Male ferrets are known as..?
Definition
Hobs
Term
Female ferrets are known as..?
Definition
Jills
Term
How much do hobs weigh?
Definition
1-2kg
Term
What is a castrated hob called?
Definition
Gib
Term
What is the average weight of a jill?
Definition
0.5-1kg
Term
What is a spayed jill called?
Definition
Sprite
Term
How much does season fat storage increase in ferrets in the fall/winter?
Definition
30-40%
Term
Normal, "wild type" color of a ferret?
Definition
Sable/Fitch
Term
What is the description of a sable/fitch?
Definition
Black guard hairs with cream/buff undercoat and black feet, tail, and mask.
Term
What are two other naturally occuring coat colors of the ferret?
Definition
Albino/English
Cinnamon
Term
Mitt
Definition
Any body color with white paws
Term
Silver mitt
Definition
Sable with white chest and feet, often with some white in mask making it indistinct. More white apears with every molt until the coat is almost all white.
Term
Black-eyed white
Definition
Born white and remains white with black eyes (not albino)
Term
[image]
Definition
Sable
Term
[image]
Definition
Silver Mitt
Term
What can occur if breeding silver mitts to silver mitts or black-eyed whites to black-eyed whites?
Definition
Fetal reabsorption
Abortion
Severe congenital abnormalities
Term
Molting
Definition
Shedding
Term
What predisposes ferrets to hyperthermia?
Definition
Having no sweat glands
Term
What is responsible for a ferrets' objectionable body odor?
Definition
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Term
At what positions are the ferret anal glands located?
Definition
3 & 9 o'clock positions
Term
What do the ferret anal glands produce?
Definition
Serous yellow liquid that has a powerful smell, lasts only a few minutes and cannot be projected distances
Term
When do ferrets secrete their anal gland musk substance?
Definition
When frightened or very excited
Term
What are baby ferrets called?
Definition
Kits
Term
When is descenting performed?
Definition
At 3-4 weeks when kits are spayed/castrated
Term
What is the ferret vertebral formula?
Definition
C7
T15
L5(6 or 7)
S3
Cd18
Term
How many ribs do ferrets have?
Definition
Usually 15 on each side but sometimes 14 on each side or 15 on one and 14 on the other
Term
What is the shape of a ferrets Os penis?
Definition
J-shaped
Term
What is the GI transit time of a ferret?
Definition
3-4hrs
Term
The digestive system of a ferret does not contain what two things?
Definition
No cecum or ileocolic valve
Term
Why do ferrets digest fiber/CHO poorly?
Definition
They have no cecum or ileocolic valve
Term
Where is the heart of a ferret located?
Definition
Between the 6th and 8th ribs, apex approx. 1cm from diaphragm
Term
How many rings does the trachea of a ferret have?
Definition
60-70
Term
How much urine does the bladder of a ferret hold?
Definition
10mL
Term
What is the natural breeding season of the jill?
Definition
March to August
Term
What is the natural breeding season of the hob?
Definition
December to July
Term
Why does the hobs breeding season begin earlier than the jills?
Definition
Likely as a functional adaptation to allow for adequate maturation of sperm
Term
What happends in ferrets if breeding does not result in pregnancy?
Definition
Pseudopregnancy
Term
How long does pseudopregnancy last?
Definition
40-42d
Term
Induced ovulator
Definition
Ovulation is induced by copulation, associated with pressure on the cervix
Term
How long after copulation does ovulation occur in jills?
Definition
30-40hrs
Term
How long is the gestation of a ferret?
Definition
41-43d, avg.42
Term
Domestic
Definition
Of ones own country; tame
Term
Domesticate
Definition
To tame and breed for human use
Term
Tame
Definition
Changed from wild to a domesticated state; said of animals trained for use by humans
Term
Stray
Definition
To wander; roam; a person or animal that has strayed and is lost
Term
Living or growing in its natural state and not normally domesticated or cultivated.
Definition
Wild/Wildlife
Term
Foreign; not native to the place where found (usually thought of in terms of counry of origin); strikingly, excitingly or mysteriously different or unusual.
Definition
Exotic
Term
Belonging to a locality or country by birth, production, or growth; as found naturally, not altered by man.
Definition
Native
Term
Feral
Definition
Untamed; wild; having returned to a wild state
Term
Prevalence in or restricted to a particular area; native to a particular county, nation, or region; constantly present in a particular region; said of a disease that is generally under control.
Definition
Endemic
Term
Affecting animals in a certain area, climate, or season; said of diseases; endemic within animal population.
Definition
Enzootic
Term
Prevalent and spreading rapidly among many individuals in an area at the same time; said especially of a serious contagious disease.
Definition
Epidemic
Term
Epizootic
Definition
Epidemic among animals
Term
What is the common name for bordetella?
Definition
Kennel Cough
Term
Diurnal
Definition
Can be awake/asleep day or night
Term
Ferrets are typically active how much of the day?
Definition
25-30% of the day
Term
What is optimum temperature for ferrets?
Definition
40-65° F
Term
What is the max humidity a ferret can tolerate?
Definition
65%
Term
What is the max temperature a ferret can tolerate?
Definition
90° F
Term
Unweaned kits need a temperature of atleast..?
Definition
59° F
Term
What are the protein requirements for a non-breeding adult ferret?
Definition
30-40%
Term
What are the fat requirements for a non-breeding adult ferret?
Definition
18-30%
Term
Food for kits should be moistened until what age?
Definition
10wks
Term
Why should animals not be fed raw meat or eggs?
Definition
Likelihood of bacterial contamination that may result in food-borne illness
Term
What is a supplement given to ferrets for hairball prevention?
Definition
Laxatone
Term
What are two fatty acid supplements that are given to ferrets?
Definition
Ferretone
Linatone
Term
What are other supplements that can be given to ferrets?
Definition
Nutrical
Meat based baby foods
Term
How often should ferrets be bathed?
Definition
Once a month or less
Term
When do the permanent teeth of a ferret erupt?
Definition
Between 50-74d
Term
What is the only documented zoonotic disease of ferrets?
Definition
Influenza
Rabies Virus
Term
How often should ferrets be taken for veterinary exams?
Definition
Annually
Term
After what age should ferrets be taken for veterinary exams biannually?
Definition
After 4-5 years
Term
Ferrets are very susceptible to what virus?
Definition
Canine Distemper Virus
Term
How fatal is CDV is ferrets?
Definition
99% fatal
Term
What are the two CDV vaccines given for ferrets?
Definition
Purevax Ferret Distemper
Fervac D
Term
What can happen if canine vaccines are used in ferrets?
Definition
Can cause distemper
Term
What is the only RV vaccine approved for use in ferrets?
Definition
Imrab 3
Term
When should RV vaccine be given to ferrets?
Definition
3 months, then boostered annually
Term
What is the smallest dosage of heartworm prevention used for ferets?
Definition
Heartgard for cats
Term
What are common ectoparasites seen in ferrets?
Definition
Otodectes cyanotis (Ear Mites)
Fleas (Cat Flea)
Ticks
Term
BAR
Definition
Bright
Alert
Responsive
Term
What is the normal and average body temperature for a ferret?
Definition
Normal,100°- 104°F
Avg. 101.9°F
Term
What is the preferred anesthesia/chemical restraint for ferrets?
Definition
Isoflurane (gas)
Term
What is considered a large blood sample in ferrets?
Definition
1-3cc
Term
What is considered a small blood sample in ferrets?
Definition
0.3-0.4cc
Term
What is the blood volume in healthy adult ferrets?
Definition
About 40mL (female)
About 60mL (male)
Term
What drugs are used for sedation in ferrets for venipuncture?
Definition
Isoflurane, ketamine/ace combination
Midazolam
Term
What is a normal PCV in ferrets?
Definition
43-55%
Can be as high as 61%
Term
What kind of set is used when giving IV in a ferret?
Definition
Pediatric drip set
Term
How much blood can be safely taken from a healthy large ferret for a blood transfusion?
Definition
6-10mL
or
10%
Term
fx
Definition
Fracture
Term
dz
Definition
Disease
Term
Dental Calculus
Definition
Tartar
Term
What does dental calculus lead to?
Definition
Gigivitis
Periodontitis
Term
Trichobezoar
Definition
Hair ball
Term
Bruxism
Definition
Teeth griding
Term
Ptyalism
Definition
Drooling
Term
tx
Definition
Treatment
Term
sx
Definition
Surgery
Term
What is the treatment for a GI foreign body?
Definition
SURGERY!
Term
What is a cause of gastroenteritis in ferrets over 3-4 yrs old?
Definition
Helicobacter mustelae infection
Term
What are the clinical signs of gastritis?
Definition
Pytalism
Bruxism
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Term
What are the clinical signs of GI ulcerations?
Definition
Vomiting
Melena
Halitosis
Anorexia
Lethargy
Sudden death
Term
Halitosis
Definition
Bad breath
Term
dx
Definition
Diagnosis
Term
Ferret Kit Disease
Definition
Rotavirus infection
High morbidity and mortality in kits 2-6 wks
Term
Catarrhal
Definition
Mucous
Term
Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis
Definition
Coronavirus infection
aka "Green Slime Disease"
Consists of green and slimy diarrhea
Virus can be shed for 6mnths or more
Stool can become gold-yellow and have "birdseed" like appearance during recovery phase
Term
Hyperestrogenism
Definition
Caused by prolonged estrus >1mnth secondary to failure to ovulate
Term
What are the clinical signs of hyperestrogenism?
Definition
Swollen vulva w/ vaginal discharge
Pale mucous membranes
Subcutaneous hemorrhages (petechia)
Term
px
Definition
Prognosis
Term
What has to do with the spleen that is very common in ferrets?
Definition
Spleenomegaly
Term
What can cause spleenomegaly?
Definition
May be associated with no dz
OR
Can be associated with insulinoma and adrenal dz
Term
What are common endocrine dz in ferrets?
Definition
Insulinoma
Adrenal dz
Term
Insulinoma
Definition
Tumors of beta cells in pancreatic islets
Term
Insulinoma tumors produce excessive amounts of insulin resulting in what?
Definition
Hypoglycemia
Term
How long can a ferret be fasted?
Definition
4 - no more than 6 hrs
Term
What can happen if a ferret is fasted for longer than 6 hrs?
Definition
Can cause serious hypoglycemic episode
Term
What is the tx for insulinoma?
Definition
SURGERY in ferrets < 5-6 yrs old
Term
Inhibits glucose uptake by peripheral tissues and increases hepatic gluconeogenesis thus increasing blood glucose.
Definition
Prednisolone
Term
Inhibits insulin release by promoting hepatic glycogenolysis, stimulates gluconeogenesis and decreases glucose uptake by tissues
Definition
Diazoxide
Term
What is often present in ferrets with insulinoma?
Definition
Adrenal dz
Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors
Term
hx
Definition
hairloss
Term
Produce excessive amounts of estrogen precursors and androgens not cortisol.
Definition
Adrenocortical Dz
Term
What is the most common sign of adrenocortical dz?
Definition
Bilat symmetrical alopecia
Term
What are common respiratory dz in ferrets?
Definition
Canine distemper virus
Influenza virus
Aspiration pneumonia
Term
How long is canine distemper virus shed in ferrets post exposure?
Definition
About 7 days through all body excretions
Term
What are the signs of canine distemper virus in ferrets?
Definition
Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
Photophobia
Blepharospasm
Term
Ataxia
Definition
Uncoordinated (caudally)
Term
Torticollis
Definition
Head tilting
Term
What is the best prevention of canine distemper virus?
Definition
Vaccination
Term
What human virus is zoonotic for ferrets?
Definition
Influenza
Term
Most common cause of pneumonia in ferrets
Definition
Aspiration pneumonia
Term
What are the three forms of cardiomyopathy in ferrets?
Definition
Dilatative
Hypertrophic
Restrictive
Term
What test should be performed when cardiomyopathy is suspected in ferrets because signs and radiograph findings are similar?
Definition
Heartworm test
Term
Urinary tract infections in ferrets is more common in males or females?
Definition
Females
Term
What is the most common cause of urinary tract infection in female ferrets?
Definition
E. coli
Term
bx
Definition
Biopsy
Term
Parrot birds with two toes in front and two toes in back.
Definition
Psittacines
Term
Song birds with 3 toes in front and one toe in back.
Definition
Passerines
Term
Large
Physically active
Social & vocal
Long, curved beak; long tail feathers
Featherless areas on cheeks
Intelligent and highly interactive
Need frequent training, structured play, and physical outlets for their abundant energy
Some are good talkers but generally have limited vocabulary
Learn tricks readily
Definition
Macaws
Term
Facial patch turns red when excited
Definition
Military Macaw
Term
Stout body with relatively short tail
Prone to obesity
Loud, active, usually outgoing, and playful
Tend to bond to one person and be aggressive toward others
Screaming, aggression are common
Definition
Amazon Parrots
Term
Which are the more excellent talkers of the amazon parrots?
Definition
Yellow-Naped Amazon Parrot
Double Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot
Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot
Term
Which are the more quieter spp of the amazon parrots?
Definition
Orange-Winged Amazon Parrot
Festive Amazon Parrot
Mealy
Term
Closely related to Amazon parrots but smaller, gentler, quieter, and less outgoing
Prone to obesity
Can become territorial and aggressive
Limited talking ability compared to Amazons
Produce a rapid "sniffing" sound when frightened or annoyed that is often mistaken for respiratory disease
Definition
Pionus Parrots
Term
Which group of parrots produce a rapid "sniffing" sound when frightened or annoyed that is often mistaken for respiratory disease?
Definition
Pionus Parrots
Term
Smallest New World parrots
Forpus spp most popular as pets
Intelligent with feisty, mischevious dispositions similar to lovebirds
Limited speaking ability; whistle songs
Males more likely to speak than females
Active and playful
Good fliers/chewers
Definition
Parrotlets
Term
Which are the smallest of the New World parrots?
Definition
Parrotlets
Term
Loud, high resonance screams
"Busy" chewers
Generally not one person birds
Fair talking ability
Definition
Conures
Term
What are the Conures of the Aratinga sp?
Definition
Sun Conure
Jenday Conure
Blue-Crowned Conure
Gold-Capped Conure
Dusky-Headed Conure
Half-Moon Conure
Peach-Fronted Conure
Term
Conures generally quieter than Aratinga sp and Nanday Conures?
Definition
Patagonian Conure
Green-Cheeked Conure
Maroon-Bellied Conure
Term
Colorful, hardy, small parrots
Fearless and playful, very energetic
Prone to screching and destructive behaviors if not kept entertained or given enough attention
Like to play on cage floor
Fair talkers byt can mimic sounds and learn tricks
Definition
Caiques
Term
[image]
Definition
Mynah Bird
Term
[image]
Definition
Scarlet Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Green-Winged Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Military Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Hahn's (Mini) Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Severe (Mini) Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Red-belly (Mini) Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Yellow Collared (Mini) Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Illiger's (Mini) Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Noble (Mini) Macaw
Term
[image]
Definition
Yellow-Naped Amazon
Term
[image]
Definition
Double Yellow-Headed Amazon
Term
[image]
Definition
Blue-fronted Amazon
Term
[image]
Definition
Lilac-crowned Amazon
Term
[image]
Definition
Red-lored Amazon
Term
[image]
Definition
Orange-winged Amazon
Term
[image]
Definition
Festive Amazon
Term
[image]
Definition
White-capped Pionus
Term
[image]
Definition
Dusky Pionus
Term
[image]
Definition
Blue-headed Pionus
Term
[image]
Definition
Maximillian's Pionus
Term
[image]
Definition
Plum-crowned Pionus
Term
[image]
Definition
Green-rumped Parrotlet
Term
[image]
Definition
Blue-winged Parrotlet
Term
[image]
Definition
Mexican Parrotlet
Term
[image]
Definition
Spectacled Parrotlet
Term
[image]
Definition
Yellow-faced Parrotlet
Term
[image]
Definition
White-bellied Caique
Term
[image]
Definition
Sun Conure
Jenday Conure
Term
[image]
Definition
Gold-capped Conure
Term
[image]
Definition
Dusky-headed Conure
Term
[image]
Definition
Half Moon Conure
Term
[image]
Definition
Peach-fronted Conure
Term
Why are lavage and activated charcoal not recommended for birds?
Definition
Because they may aggravate the alimentary tract irritation or ulceration
Term
Dilution with _________ _____ or _____ is indicated in oral exposures for birds.
Definition
Nonacidic Juice
Water
Term
When ocular exposure occurs (in birds), the patients eyes should be flushed with _______ ______ for ____________.
Definition
Sterile Saline
5 to 10 minutes
Term
How is a dermal exposure treated in birds?
Definition
Treated by a thorough bath in mild hand liquid dishwashing soap followed by thorough rinsing in clear water.
Term
In birds, which jugular vein is larger than the other?
Definition
Right jugular is larger than the left
Term
What is important to remember when restraining a bird?
Definition
Not to compress the keel
Term
Why is it important to remember not to compress the keel when restraining a bird?
Definition
Birds to not possess a diaphragm and must be allowed to move their chest to breathe
Term
In what position must a bird be held when being restrained?
Definition
Upright position
Term
Why might a bird regurgitate when being crop fed?
Definition
Undue pressure being applied to the keel and /or crop area from restraint
Term
What is the most common complication when crop feeding birds?
Definition
Regurgitation
Term
What are the possible consequences of regurgitation in birds?
Definition
Partial or complete tracheal obstruction
Aspiration pneumonia
Term
What are the contraindications of tube feeding birds?
Definition
Crop stasis
Impactions of the gastrointestinal tract
Full thickness crop mucosal burns
Term
What can happen if crop tubes are not thoroughly cleaned and sterilized between uses?
Definition
Spread of infectious disease
Term
[image]
Definition
Umbrella Cockatoo
Term
[image]
Definition
Sulfur-crested Cockatoo
Term
[image]
Definition
Moluccan/Salmon-crested Cockatoo
Term
[image]
Definition
Bare-eyed Cockatoo
Term
[image]
Definition
Bourke's Parakeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Splendid Parakeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Rock Pebbler Parakeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Crimson Rosella
Term
[image]
Definition
Gold-mantled Rosella
Term
[image]
Definition
Rainbow Lorikeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Chattering Lorikeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Dusky Lorikeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Tahitian Lorikeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Indian Ring-neck Parakeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Alexandrine Parakeet
Term
[image]
Definition
Black-masked Love Bird
Term
[image]
Definition
Fischer's Love Bird
Term
[image]
Definition
Nyasa Lovebird
Term
[image]
Definition
Abyssinian Lovebird
Term
[image]
Definition
African Grey Congo
Term
[image]
Definition
Timneh African Grey
Term
At what age do Ring-neck Parakeets get their rings?
Definition
24 mnths
Term
Which group of birds have a pronounced production of powder down that can produce allergic reactions in some people and some macaws?
Definition
Cockatoos
Term
Which sex of Eclectus parrots is green and which is red?
Definition
Green = male
Red = female
Term
What do lorikeets eat?
Definition
Fruits
Nectars
Pollens
Term
How much does blood volume range in birds?
Definition
6%- 12%
Term
Approximately how much blood in body weight can be safely taken out of a healthy bird?
Definition
1%
Term
Approximately how much blood in body weight can be safely taken out of a SICK bird?
Definition
0.5%
Term
What is the maximum of total blood volume that can be safely collected from a bird for diagnostic testing?
Definition
10%
Term
Which veins, other than the jugular, can be used to collect blood from a bird?
Definition
Medial Metatarsal Vein
Basilic
Term
What anatomic structure can be found ventral to the jugular vein of a bird?
Definition
Crop
Term
What anatomic structure can be found dorsal to the jugular vein of a bird?
Definition
Cervicocephalic air sac
Term
What should you not feed a pet bird?
Definition
Chocolate
Alcohol
Onions
Avocado
Term
What is the main shaft of a birds feather called?
Definition
Rachis
Term
What are attached to a birds rachis?
Definition
Barbs
Term
What are attached to a birds barbs?
Definition
Barbules
Term
At what angles are barbules attached to barbs?
Definition
45° angle
Term
At what angle to barbules hook to nearby barbules?
Definition
90° angle
Term
Alula
Definition
Bone found in birds that represent the remnants of a thumb
Term
What are the phlebotomy sites in birds?
Definition
Right jugular
Basilic
Medial metatarsal
Term
What are the three parts to bird droppings?
Definition
Urine
Urates
Feces
Term
What is the crop?
Definition
An out-pouching of the esophagus
Term
What is a blood feather?
Definition
An immature feather which continues to have a blood supply until maturation is complete
Term
What should be done if there is a blood feather present during a wing trim?
Definition
Leave a mature feather on either side of the blood feather to keep the blood feather protected
Term
What should be done if several blood feathers are found before a trim?
Definition
Rescedule the trim until the blood feathers have matured
Term
What shoudl be done if a bird being tube fed begins to regurgitate?
Definition
Set the bird down and let it go immediately to allow the bird to concentrate on not aspirating
Term
Red and black..
Definition
won't harm Jack
Term
Red and yellow..
Definition
kill a fellow
Term
Why do birds have dark muscles?
Definition
Because of myoglobin to oxygen ratio
Term
What types of animals were seen on the field trip?
Definition
Blue-headed Pionus
Sun Conure
Cockatiels
Rex Rabbit
Floppy-ear Rabbit
Guinea Pig
Guppies
Gouramis
Clown fish
Milk Snake
Corn Snake
Ball Python
Bearded Dragon
Term
What is the order of lizards and snakes?
Definition
Squamata
Term
What is the suborder for lizards?
Definition
Lacertilia
Term
What is the suborder for snakes?
Definition
Serpentes
Term
What is the suborder for worm lizards?
Definition
Amphisbaenia
Term
What is the order for turtles?
Definition
Chelonia
Term
What is the order for crocodiles?
Definition
Crocodylia
Term
What is the order for tuatara?
Definition
Rhynchocephalia
Term
Reptiles that are egg-layers
Definition
Oviparous
Term
Reptiles that give birth to live young
Definition
Ovoviviparous
Term
Ecdysis
Definition
Shedding skin
Term
What is different about a reptiles heart?
Definition
Three chambers
Two aortic arches
Term
What is different about a crocodiles heart?
Definition
Four chambers
Connection between right and left ventricles
Two aortic arches
Term
T or F?

Snakes and crocodilians do not have a urinary bladder.
Definition
T
Term
Like birds, snakes and crocodilians have a ______ and excrete uric acid.
Definition
Cloaca
Term
Some aquatic turtles excrete ____.
Definition
Urea
Term
Parietal eye
Definition
Functions as photoreceptor with role in hormone production and thermoregulation
Term
The parietal eye is located on the dorsal head and connected to the ____________ in the brain.
Definition
Pineal gland
Term
Vomeronasal (Jacobson's) organ
Definition
Has chemosensory cells that pick up scent particles collected by the tongue and transferred when the tongue is retracted into the mouth
Term
What type of lizards are venemous?
Definition
Varanids
Term
Which type of lizards don't have an outer or middle ear?
Definition
Chameleons
Term
Which lizards have chromatophores in their skin allowing color change through light?
Definition
Chameleons
Anoles
Term
What factors contribute to color change in chameleons and anoles?
Definition
Heat
Light
Social
Term
Tail autonomy
Definition
Loss or release of the tail
Term
Chameleons have __________ tails.
Definition
Prehensile
Term
Are boa's new world or old world?
Definition
New World
Term
Are pythons new world or old world?
Definition
Old World
Term
How much of the world's species of snakes are venomous?
Definition
1/3
Term
What is different about the oral anatomy of a snake?
Definition
No epiglotis
Term
What is the eye-covering formed by a fusion of eyelids that is shed with the skin of a snake?
Definition
Spectacle
Term
Pit organs
Definition
Infrared head receptors
Term
What types of snakes have pit organs?
Definition
Boids
Pythonids
Viperids
Term
Where are the pit organs located in boas?
Definition
Supralabial
Infralabial
Term
Where are the pit organs located in pythons?
Definition
Labial
Term
Where are the pit organs located in vipers?
Definition
Between eyes and nares
Bilaterally
Term
What are venom glands?
Definition
Modified salivary glands
Term
Why should a snakes body be supported when being restrained by the head?
Definition
Snakes have only one occipital condyle which can become dislocated
Term
What is the largest group of turtles?
Definition
Terrapins
Term
What is a turtle shell?
Definition
Living tissue made up of dermal bone covered with epidermal scales or soft skin and fused to the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae, and ribs
Term
What is the upper portion of a turtles shell called?
Definition
Carapace
Term
What is the bottom portion of a turtles shell called?
Definition
Plastron
Term
What is the process of ecdysis?
Definition
Lymph and enzymes infiltrate and cause splitting of epidermis into cleavage zone between the old and new layers of skin
Term
What contributes to the dull hazy bluing of the skin and eyes in snakes about to molt?
Definition
Lymph
Term
Total blood volume of a reptile = ?
Definition
5-8% of body weight in grams
Term
What are the venipuncture sites of a lizard?
Definition
Ventral coccygeal vein
Jugular vein
Ventral abdominal vein
Term
What are the venipuncture sites of a snake?
Definition
Ventral coccygeal vein
Palatine-pterygoid vein
Jugular veing
Cardiac
Term
How many ventricles do snakes have?
Definition
Just one
Term
Where can there be contamination of lymph fluid during a venipuncture in turtles?
Definition
Plexus
Term
What is the #1 cause of problems in captive reptiles?
Definition
Poor husbandry
Term
What is necessary in a reptile enclosure?
Definition
Temperature
Light
Humidity
Landscaping
Term
Which UV light increases apetite, stimulates activity and possibly reproduction?
Definition
UV-A
Term
Which UV light has an important role in Vitamin D3 synthesis?
Definition
UV-B
Term
What vitamin is necessary for calcium absorption in reptiles?
Definition
D3
Term
What type of bulb was specially developed for reptiles, supplies both UV-A and UV-B light plus heat and lasts about a year?
Definition
Mercury Vapor Bulbs
Term
What substrate is not recommended for any reptile?
Definition
Cedar/Pines shavings
Term
Herbivorous reptile diets should be..?
Definition
Rich in calcium
Low in phosphorus
Low in protein
Term
What plants and vegetables are good to feed herbivorous reptiles?
Definition
Collard
Turnip
Mustard greens
Parsley
Romaine
Dandelion
Hibiscus
Rose flowers
Plantain leaves
Term
What types of vegetables should be avoided when feeding herbivorous reptiles?
Definition
Legumes
Term
What are common causes of Metabolic Bone Disease?
Definition
Calcium deficient diets
Lack of Vitamin D3
Improper calcium to phosphorus ratio in diet
Term
What are some common reptile species?
Definition
Boa Constrictor
Burmese Python
Ball Python
Florida Kingsnake
Corn Snake
Uromastyx
Bearded Dragon
Bearded Dragon
Green Iguana
Leopard Gecko
Term
Where are toxins released from in Bufo toads?
Definition
Parotid gland
Term
How do Bufagenins and Bufotoxins work?
Definition
Block the transport of sodium out of and potassium into cells
Term
What are the signs of exposure to Bufo toads in dogs?
Definition
Hypersalivation
Vomiting
Anxiety
Hyperemic mucous membranes
Fever
Tachypnea
Neurologic abnormalities
Term
Bufo toad toxicity can lead to major complications, if left untreated, such as...?
Definition
Cardiac arrythmias
Cyanosis
Collapse
Death
Term
What treatment should be done immediately at home if Bufo toad exposure occurs?
Definition
Flush mouth with tap water with head facing down for approximately 5 minutes
Term
Why should lizards and snakes be handled first before turtles when examining a mixed reptile collection?
Definition
To avoid the spread of possible amoeba flagellates
Term
What bacteria can betransmitted from reptiles?
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Kidneys are not usually palpable in reptiles unless..?
Definition
Enlarged
Mineralized
Term
Petechiae can ecchymosis in turtles are a sign of what?
Definition
Systemic infection
Septic
Term
How is the heart rate of a reptile measured?
Definition
Doppler
Term
How many subcaudal scale lengths will a probe reach in male snakes? females?
Definition
6-8, males
2-4, females
Term
What are common causes of dysecdysis?
Definition
Poor husbandry
Management problems
Low humidity/temperature
Poor nutrition
Term
Why should lizards never be captured by their tail?
Definition
Many species have a natural predatory response to voluntarily "drop" or autotomize their tail in an attempt to escape predation
Term
What is another good way to calm and restrain large lizards?
Definition
Vagal response
Term
How is the vagal response induced?
Definition
By gently applying digital pressure to both eyes for a few seconds to minutes
Term
How do patients respond to the vagal response restraint?
Definition
Decrease in heart rate
Decrease in blood pressure
Term
What is the order of the domestic rabbit?
Definition
Lagamorpha
Term
What is the scientific name of the domestic rabbit?
Definition
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Term
What is the family of the domestic rabbit?
Definition
Leporidae
Term
What are the 3 genera of Leporidae?
Definition
Sylvaligus (cottontail)
Lepus (hare, jackrabbit)
Oryctolagus (rabbits)
Term
What are the types of rabbit breeds?
Definition
Lop-eared
Short-eared (dwarves)
Woolly
Term
What can rabbits transmit to guinea pigs?
Definition
Bordetella
Term
What are the second set of upper incisors in a rabbit called?
Definition
Peg teeth
Term
What is the major difference between lagamorphs and rodents?
Definition
Peg teeth
Term
Diastema
Definition
Space between incisors and cheek teeth
Term
What is often a problem in brachycephalic dwarf and lop rabbit breeds?
Definition
Malocclusions
Term
Malocclusion
Definition
Improperly alligned teeth
Term
Why are rabbits not able to vomit?
Definition
Anatomic arrangement of cardia and fundus
Term
How long is the GI tract of a rabbit?
Definition
About 10 times the length of the body
Term
GALT
Definition
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Term
What is the largest organ in the abdomen of a rabbit?
Definition
Cecum
Term
How do rabbits digest?
Definition
Hind-gut
Term
Where does fermentation occur in a rabbit?
Definition
Cecum
Term
How does fermentation occur?
Definition
Bacteria
Term
How many types of feces do rabbits have?
Definition
Two
Term
What is the small, soft, mucus coated rabbit feces called?
Definition
Cecotrophs
Term
What is another name for cecotroph?
Definition
Night feces
Term
What do rabbits do with cecotrophs?
Definition
Ingest directly from anus during early morning hrs
Term
Why do rabbits ingest night feces?
Definition
Recycling and assimilation of B vitamins, protein, and water
Term
When does cecotrophy begin?
Definition
Between 2-3 wks of age corresponding to when the baby rabbits start to eat solid food
Term
What should rabbits be fed?
Definition
Good quality grass hay
Green leafy vegetables
Limited quality commercial rabbit pellets
Term
What causes gastric trichobezoars?
Definition
Inadequate dietary roughage
Not enough hay
Term
What are the three diarrhea syndromes that occur in pet rabbits?
Definition
Accute (in young, newly acquired rabbits)
Chronic (in older animals)
Antibiotic-induced (enterotoxemia)
Term
What does enterotoxemia result from?
Definition
Secretion of bacterial toxins
Term
What is the best documented cause of enterotoxemia in rabbits (especially juveniles)?
Definition
Clostridium spiroforme
Term
When does colonization occur in the GI tract of a rabbit?
Definition
With stress
After tx w. certain antibiotics
Term
What should not be administered to rabbits?
Definition
Penicillins
Ampicillin
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Lincomycin
Cephalosporins
Term
Describe the reproductive tract of a doe rabbit?
Definition
Bicornate uterus (two uterine horns)
Double cervix
4-5 pairs of mammary glands
Elongated vulva w. slit-like opening
Term
Where are the scrotal sacs of a buck rabbit located?
Definition
Cranial to the penis
Term
Do buck rabbits have an os penis?
Definition
NO
Term
Do buck rabbits have nipples?
Definition
NO
Term
What is located on either side of both sexes of rabbits?
Definition
Inguinal (perineal) pouches containing scent glands
Term
When does sexual maturity occur in rabbits?
Definition
Small breeds = about 4-5 mnths
Medium breeds = about 4-6 mnths
Large breeds = about 5-7 mnths
Term
What is the estrous cycle of a rabbit?
Definition
No defined estrus cycle
Term
How is the cycle of a doe rabbit described?
Definition
Periods of receptivity lasting 4-17 days interspersed w. 1-2 day periods of inactivity during which a new "wave" of follicles is formed
Term
What kind of ovulators are rabbits?
Definition
Induced ovulators
Term
When do rabbits ovulate?
Definition
About 9-13 hrs after coitus
Term
What happens when rabbits are improperly restrained and allowed to kick out?
Definition
Lumbar fx
Typically L7
Term
Rabbits are obligate ____ breathers.
Definition
Nose
Term
What is the major respiratory dz of rabbits and probably the most important?
Definition
Pasteurellosis
Term
What is the cause of pasteurellosis?
Definition
Pasteurella multocida
Gram negative
Oval rod bacterium
Term
Rhinitis (Snuffles) is characterized by what symptoms?
Definition
Serous to mucopurulent nasal and/or ocular discharge
Term
Otitis media/interna is characterized by what symptoms?
Definition
Torticollis (head tilting)
Other neurologic signs
Scratching at base of ear
Term
What are some causes of torticollis?
Definition
Ear infection
Ear mites
Head trauma
Term
What is the ear mite ususally found in rabbits?
Definition
Psoroptes cuniculi
Term
How are ear mites treated in rabbits?
Definition
Ivermectin
Term
How should a rabbit be returned to its cage?
Definition
Back end first
Term
What is the best site for venipuncture in a rabbit?
Definition
Lateral saphenous
Term
What are the two ear canals of a rabbit called?
Definition
False canal
True canal
Term
What is the average blood volume of most rabbits?
Definition
6-8%
Term
How much of the blood volume is safe to withdraw in a rabbit?
Definition
6-10%
Term
What are the most common sites for venipuncture in rabbits?
Definition
Jugular
Cephalic
Lateral Saphenous
Marginal Ear
(Veins)
Term
Which venipuncture sites are the best choices for large-volume blood draws in rabbits?
Definition
Jugular
Later saphenous
Term
How should hair be removed from a rabbit?
Definition
Plucking
Term
Why should rabbit hair be plucked instead of shaved?
Definition
Rabbit skin is very delicate and can become easily torn by clippers if being shaved
Term
Why are pine and cedar not goot beddings for bunnies, guinea pigs, rats, mice, or any small animal?
Definition
Causes liver damage
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