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Association Cortices
neuroanatomy association cortices
73
Anatomy
Graduate
03/13/2012

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Term
what is the cerebral cortex
Definition
outer gray matter
Term
in what lobe is Broca's area
Definition
frontal
Term
in what lobe is the primary sensory cortex
Definition
parietal
Term
in what lobe is Wernicke's
Definition
temporal
Term
what is the neocortex
Definition
the cortex that covers most of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
how many cellular layers/lamina in the neocortex
Definition
6
Term
how is each layer of the neocortex distinct
Definition
each layer has distinct populations of cells with different shapes, sizes, inputs, and outputs
Term
in what neocortical layer are there many stellate neurons
Definition
cortical layer IV
Term
what neocortical layers are concentrated with pyramidal neurons
Definition
III, V, and VI
Term
does the cortex always have 6 layers
Definition
no
Term
what is the archicortex
Definition
the hippocampal cortex
Term
how many layers in archicortex
Definition
3 to 4
Term
what does the paleocortex cover
Definition
ventral surface of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
how many layers in the paleocortex
Definition
3
Term
what is the functional significance of having different cortical layers
Definition
unknown; probably reflects more complex information processing
Term
describe neocortical circuitry
Definition
each cortical layer has specific output targets and each layer is a specific input target. They project to certain places, and they receive projections from certain places
Term
what is another term for Brodmann's areas
Definition
cytoarchitectonic areas
Term
how are brodmann's areas divided
Definition
the areas are histologically and functionally distinct. The inputs, outputs, and layers in one brodmann's area are the same
Term
in what area is the primary visual cortex
Definition
area 17
Term
what does V-1 stand for
Definition
primary visual cortex
Term
what brodmann's areas is broca's
Definition
44, 45
Term
what is the brodmann's area for wernicke's
Definition
22
Term
what is the brodmann's area for primary motor complex
Definition
4
Term
what is the brodmann's area for premotor cortex
Definition
6
Term
what are the brodmann's areas for primary sensory
Definition
1, 2, 3
Term
define the association cortices
Definition
areas of the cortex not involved with encoding sensory information commanding movements. Not motor/sensory/hearing/vision
Term
where are the association cortices
Definition
cerebral sufrface of the brain
Term
what are association cortices responsible for
Definition
cognitive human processes
Term
what is cognition
Definition
the process by which we come to learn our world: our ability to attend to complex stimuli, identify the significant features of the stimuli, and plan responses to the stimuli
Term
what mental processes do the association cortices support
Definition
the ones that make us human: fear, anger, attraction, emotions, memory
Term
in what lobes are the association areas concerned with cognition
Definition
parietal, temporal, frontal
Term
why isn't the occipital lobe concerned with cognition
Definition
main responsibilit = vision
Term
what do the association cortices receive and integreate
Definition
information from a variety of sources
Term
what else must association cortices doe
Definition
project to and influence a broad range of cortical and subcortical targets
Term
are there inputs and outputs to/from the association cortices
Definition
yes, many
Term
is everything in the association cortices connected to everything else
Definition
no. each association cortex has distinct connections
Term
how have neurosciences made inferences about the specific function of assication cortices
Definition
observations of patients with cortical lesions. Certain things happen to people when they damage certain regions of their brains
Term
what do lesions of the parietal association cortex result in
Definition
deficits in attention to the world around us and attention and perceptoin of our own body
Term
what is contralateral neglect syndrome caused by
Definition
lesion to parietal lobe
Term
what happens in contralateral neglect syndrome
Definition
unable to attend to or perceive objects or even ones own body in a part of space despite being able to see it visually
Term
in contralateral neglect syndrombe, is the the deficit on the same side or other side of the lesion
Definition
other side
Term
what is the diagnosis for someone who only shaves one side of their facebecause they don't perceive it even though they can feel, touch, see it
Definition
contralateral neglect syndrome
Term
if someone has a right parietal stroke that causes contraltearl neglect syndrome, can it improve
Definition
yes, many
Term
is contralateral neglect more common with damage to right or left parietal lobe
Definition
more common with damage to right parietal lobe
Term
why is contralteral negelect syndrome more commonly associated with damage to the right parietal cortex
Definition
the rigth parietal cortex mediates attention to both the left and right halves of the body/space. The left parietal cortex medaites attetion only to the right. If you damage the left parietal cortex, the right parietal cortex can help it out a little. If you damage the right parietal cortex, there is no help.
Term
what are the effects of a right parietal lesion
Definition
severe neglect on left side
Term
what is the result of a left parietal lesion
Definition
meinimal neglect on right sid
Term
what is the dominant hemisphere for knowing what's going on around you
Definition
right
Term
what is the location of lesions that typically result in contralateral neglect syndrome
Definition
right parietal
Term
what compensates lesions in the left parietal lobe
Definition
right hemisphere
Term
which hemisphere is the dominant one to govern attention and awareness
Definition
right
Term
what is the result of lesions in the frontal association cortex
Definition
deficits in planning and executing normal behavior
Term
what does the frontal association cortex have a wider range of functions than other neocortical areas
Definition
it's the largest lobe
Term
what does damage to frontal lobe result in
Definition
altered personality
Term
what is frontal lobe responsible for
Definition
personality: planning and executing normal behaviors
Term
what does damage to the basilar part of the frontal lobe result in
Definition
memory deficits
Term
what does damage to the dorsolateral/convex portion of the frontal lobe do
Definition
renders patients indifferent, apathetic
Term
what does damage to theorbitofrontal portion of the frontal lobe do
Definition
impaired judgment, loss of inhibitions, hard to get along with
Term
what do lesions of the temporal association cortex result in
Definition
difficulty recognizing, identifying, and naming different categories of objects
Term
what are agnosias
Definition
disorders in which you have difficulty recognizing, identifying, and naming different categories of objects
Term
what is prosopagnosia
Definition
inability to recognize and identify faces following temporal lobe damage
Term
damage to which part of which temporal lobe results in prosopagnosia
Definition
damage to inferior right temporal lobe
Term
what determines whether an agnosia is for human faces or familiar objects
Definition
location and size of the lesion
Term
why might someone have their corpus callosum surgically cut
Definition
to treat epilepsy
Term
how many axons go through the corpus callosum to connect the hemispheres of the brain
Definition
200 million axons
Term
which side of the brain is language dominant
Definition
left hemisphere
Term
in a split brain patient, if an object was placed in the right hand, could the patient say what it is without seeing it
Definition
yes. It is sensed by the left hemisphere, and the left hemisphere is the language dominant hemisphere so the person can sense what the object is and say what it is.
Term
in a split brain patient, if an object was placed in the left hand, could the patient say what it is without seeing it
Definition
no. the sensory information goes to the right side of the brain, but that information can't be passed to the left side of the brain to be processed as language
Term
which side of the brain specializes in the emotional coloring of language
Definition
right
Term
which side and location of the brain is important for perception of space
Definition
right parietal
Term
what is a hemorrhagic stroke
Definition
blood vessel bursts. Blood pours out into a specific region of the brain
Term
what happens in an embolitic stroke
Definition
embolism lodges. Everything downstream becomes ischemic
Term
how long can neurologic repair take
Definition
18 months
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