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Week 2
Lecture 1
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/16/2014

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Term
What are the types of joints based on structure?
Definition
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
Term
What are the types of joints based on function?
Definition
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
Term
Do functional joints joined by fibrous tissues have a joint capsule?
Definition
no
Term
What are types fibrous joints?
Definition
sutures/synostoses, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Term
What is a suture?
Definition
a joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers and bone edges that interlock
Term
Where are sutures found?
Definition
only in the skull
Term
Describe the characteristics of a synostoses joint (suture).
Definition
fibrous tissue replaced by bone; immovable (synarthrotic) joint
Term
Describe the characteristics of a syndesmoses joint.
Definition
joined by fibrous connective tissue; slightly moveable (amphiarthrotic) joint
Term
Describe the characteristics of a gomphoses joint.
Definition
between teeth and jaw; immovable joint (synarthrotic)
Term
What is a syndesmoses joint?
Definition
a joint held together by a ligament; fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures
Term
What is a gomphoses joint?
Definition
"peg in socket" joint; periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in its socket
Term
What are types of cartilaginous joints?
Definition
synchondroses and sypmphyses
Term
Describe the characteristics of a synchondroses joint.
Definition
a joint joined by hyaline cartilage;immovable joint (synarthrotic)
Term
Describe the characteristics of a symphyses joint.
Definition
hyalin cartilage with an intervening pad of fibrous cartilage; slightly movable joint (amphiarthrotic)
Term
Do cartilaginous joints joined by cartilage tissue have a joint capsule?
Definition
no
Term
What is a synchondroses joint?
Definition
bones united by hyaline cartilage; epiphesial plate
Term
What is a symphyses joint?
Definition
bones united by fibrocartilage that acts as shock absorbers; pubic symphyses or intervertebral disc
Term
What are the characteristics of a synovial joint?
Definition
they are separated by a fluid-filled cavity, all are diarthrotic, and most joints of the body are this
Term
What are some distinguishing features of a synovial joint?
Definition
articular cartilage
joint of synovial cavity
articular capsule
synovial fluid
ligaments
accessory structures
Term
What are the accessory structures of a synovial joint?
Definition
menisci, labrum, tendons
Term
What are menisci and what are their significance?
Definition
they are cartilaginous structures within joints (found between hyalin cartilage); they act as spacers and shock absorbers and they aid in joint congruency
Term
What is a labrum?
Definition
cartilaginous rings to deepen a joint cavity
Term
What is the difference between a tendon and ligament?
Definition
tendons connect muscle to bone
ligaments connect bone to bone
Term
What is the significance of articular cartilage?
Definition
covers the end of each bone in order to reduce friction
Term
What is the significance of the joint/synovial cavity?
Definition
it is formed by a surrounding capsule which is a dense fibrous membrane that holds the two segments together
Term
What is the significance of the synovial membrane?
Definition
it produces and secretes synovial fluid and lines the internal surface of the joint capsule
Term
What is the significance of the synovial fluid?
Definition
it is produced by the synovial membrane
Term
What is the significance of ligaments?
Definition
they reinforce the joint capsule and connect bone to bone
Term
Are accessory joints found on every joint?
Definition
no, only some
Term
Where are the menisci located and why is this important?
Definition
only in the knee, and they maintain the proper alignment of the femur on the knee
Term
Can the labrum tear?
Definition
yes
Term
What are movements associated with the synovial joint?
Definition
-gliding
-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction/circumduction
-dorsi/plantar extension of ankle
-rotation
-supination/pronation
-inversion/eversion
-protraction/retraction
-elevation/depression
Term
Describe a gliding movement.
Definition
accessory joint motions as surfaces of bones rub or glide on one another
Term
Is a gliding motion voluntary or involuntary?
Definition
involuntary; you can't consciously do it
Term
What is it meant by when a joint is referred to as an accessory motion?
Definition
it accompanies other gross movement actions
Term
Describe a flexion movement.
Definition
a movement that increases the angle of the joint from anatomical position
Term
Describe an extension movement.
Definition
a movement that decreases the angle of the joint back to the anatomical position
Term
Describe hyperextension.
Definition
movement at a joint to a position beyond the joint's normal maximum extension
Term
How does hyperextension happen?
Definition
it may happen due to certain elaticities or overstretching of the joint capsule
Term
What is knee extension?
Definition
moving the knee from bent to straight (decreasing the angle to the body)
Term
Describe an abduction movement.
Definition
a motion which directs a body part laterally AWAY from the body within a coronal plane
Term
Describe an adduction movement.
Definition
a motion which directs the body part laterally TOWARDS the body within a coronal plane
Term
Describe a circumduction movement.
Definition
a conical motion where the limb may swing in a circular, pendulum-like motion
Term
Where is circumduction possible?
Definition
the shoulder and hip joint
Term
Describe a dorsi extension movement.
Definition
lifting the dorsum of the foot while keeping the heel firmly in place (flex)
Term
Describe a plantar extension movement.
Definition
pushing down with the toes while keeping the heel in place (pike)
Term
Where does flexion occur?
Definition
only at ankle joint where the talus meets the ankle mortis
Term
Describe a left/right rotational movement.
Definition
ex: rotating about the spine
Term
Describe a medial/lateral rotational movement.
Definition
medial: moving segment towards body
lateral: moving segment away from body
Term
What allows the head to rotate left/right?
Definition
the atlas/axis joint of the neck
Term
Describe a supination movement.
Definition
palm up movement in which the radius/ulna are parallel to each other
Term
Describe a pronation movement.
Definition
palm down movement in which the radius rotates over the ulna
Term
Where does pronation/supination occur?
Definition
in the forearm
Term
Describe an inversion movement.
Definition
motion of rolling the foot so that the medial arch is facing toward the midline
Term
Describe an eversion movement.
Definition
motion of rolling the foot so that the medial arch is facing toward the lateral side
Term
How is inversion/eversion produced?
Definition
a movement of the subtalor joint in the ankle
Term
Describe a protraction movement.
Definition
a forward glide/slide in a horizontal plane
Term
Describe a retraction movement.
Definition
a reverse glide/slide in a horizontal plane
Term
What is an example of protraction/retraction?
Definition
jaw moving forward/back
Term
Describe an elevation movement.
Definition
superior motion
Term
Describe a depression movement.
Definition
inferior motion
Term
What joints are capable of elevation/depression?
Definition
the temporomandibular joint and where the scapula hands from the clavicle
Term
What is an example of a gliding movement?
Definition
carpal bones gliding on each other when making a wrist movement
Term
What is an example of a flexion movement?
Definition
-moving arm up in front of body (hail Hitler)
-bending knee behind you
Term
What is an example of an extention movement?
Definition
-returning arm from in front of body (no more hail Hitler)
-returning the knee to the ground
Term
What is an example of an abduction movement?
Definition
-raising arm up laterally (jumping jack)
-raising leg up laterally (snow angel)
Term
What is an example of an adduction movement?
Definition
-lowering arm laterally (jumping jack)
-lowering leg laterally (snow angel)
Term
What is an example of a circumduction movement?
Definition
moving arms or legs in a circular motion
Term
What is an example of a dorsi plantar flexion?
Definition
flexing foot (flex)
Term
What is an example of a dorsi plantar extension?
Definition
pointing foot (tippy-toes)
Term
What is an example of rotation?
Definition
-rotating when cracking spine on chair
-shaking head
-standing with feet pointing medially or laterally
Term
What is an example of supination?
Definition
"cup of S" palm faced up
Term
What is an example of pronation?
Definition
"Push up" palm faced down
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