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Articulations
Joints
36
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/22/2013

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Term
Fibrous Joint
Definition
held together by fibrous tissue; Includes: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Term
Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
held together by cartilage; includes: synchondroses and symphyses
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition
Joint cavity held together by ligaments; freely movable (diarthroses); includes articular (hyaline) cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, and accessories(labrums, discs, & tendons)
Term
Synarthroses
Definition
Immovable joint; includes: sutures, gomphoses, & synchondroses
Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition
Slightly movable joint; includes: syndesmoses and symphyses
Term
Diarthroses
Definition
Freely movable joint; includes: all synovial joints
Term
Suture
Definition
Fibrous Joint; seam replaced by bone by middle age; synarthroses
Term
Syndesmoses
Definition
Fibrous Joint; found in ankle joint; amphiarthroses
Term
Gomphoses
Definition
Fibrous Joint; between teeth and jaw; synarthroses
Term
Synchondroses
Definition
Cartilaginous Joint; lined with hyaline cartilage; many are temporary joints (epiphyseal plate in children)& some aren't (between rib and manubrium); synarthroses
Term
Symphyses
Definition
Cartilaginous Joint; Opposing structures covered in hyaline cartilage with intervening pad of fibrous cartilage; intervertebral joints and pubic synthesis; Amphiarthroses
Term
Features of Synovial Joint
Definition
1)Articular Cartilage: covers ends to absorb compression and protect bones from erosion
2)Joint Cavity: Tightly packed space with synovial fluid
3)Articular Capsule: encloses joint; 2 layers: outer-tough fibrous capsule that acts as a ligament, inner-synovial membrane that covers internal structure
4)Synovial Membrane: highly vascularized with lots of blood vessels to make synovial fluid
5)Synovial Fluid: lubcricates articular cartilage
6)Reinforcing ligaments(dense connective tissue): Intrinsic(capular)-thickenings of joint capsule, extrinsic(extracapsular)-free of joint capsule (lies outside), intracapsular- inside synovial space but free of joint capsule
Term
Accessory Structures of Synovial Joint
Definition
1)Articular disc (meniscus): cartilaginous structure in joint cavity; helps to improve fit, reduce friction, and increase motility
2)Labrum: fibro-cartilage ring around rim of joint; deepens joint cavity and makes better fit
3)Tendon: strengthens/holds joint together (stabilizes them)
Term
Gliding
Definition
flat/nearly flat bone that slides over similar surface; ex: intercarpal joints
Term
Flexion
Definition
Bringing articulating bones together(decrease angle); sagittal plane
Term
Extension
Definition
Increases angle between bones; sagittal plane
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
flexing toes toward leg (decrease angle); at ankle joint; sagittal plane
Term
Plantar flexion
Definition
extending toes outward (increase angle); at ankle joint; sagittal plane
Term
Abduction
Definition
Moving limbs away from midline; frontal plane
Term
Adduction
Definition
Moving limbs toward body; frontal plane
Term
Circumduction
Definition
sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction; ex: making circle with finger; sagittal and frontal plane
Term
Rotation
Definition
at synovial joints; ex head; transverse plane
Term
Supination
Definition
moving palm up; ex:radius and ulna parallel; occurs at elbow
Term
Pronation
Definition
moving palm down; ex radius rotates over ulna; occurs at elbow
Term
Inversion
Definition
Moving foot inward (looking at bottom of foot); tarsal bones
Term
Eversion
Definition
Moving foot outward (skating); tarsal bones
Term
Protraction
Definition
Sticking jaw out/bringing arms forward
Term
Retraction
Definition
Sticking jaw in/bringing arms backward
Term
Elevation
Definition
Closing mouth elevates mandible
Term
Depression
Definition
Opening mouth depresses mandible
Term
Plane
Definition
Motion: Gliding; Nonaxial; ex: intertarsals, intercarpals, and in between vertebraes
Term
Hinge Joint
Definition
Motion: Flexion and Extension; Uniaxial (Sagittal plane); ex: elbows/knee
Term
Pivot Joint
Definition
Motion: Rotation; Uniaxial (Transverse plane); ex supination/pronation, rotating head
Term
Condyloid Joint
Definition
Motion: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction; Biaxial (frontal and sagittal planes); ex: wrist
Term
Saddle Joint
Definition
Motion: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction; Biaxial (frontal and sagittal planes); greater movement than condyloid; ex: thumb
Term
Ball and Socket Joint
Definition
Motion: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation; Triaxial (sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes); ex: hip and shoulder
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