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Articulations
Chapter 9
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/17/2015

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Cards

Term
Discuss the relationship between the stability of a joint and its range of motion.
Definition

More Stability= Less range of motion

Less Stability= More range of motion

Term
How does a meniscus function in a joint?
Definition

transfers weight load from the femur to the fibia and tibula. 

The stabalize the knee during flexion, extension, and circular movements

Term
How does articular cartilage differ from other cartilage in the body?
Definition

It has no perichondrium.

Matrix containes water

Surface is slick and smooth

Has a layer of synovial fluid

Term
Which joint has a greater likelihood of dislocating, hip or shoulder?  Why?
Definition

Shoulder because it has a greater range of motion and a shallower glenoid cavity.

Term
List 3 functions of the synovial fluid.
Definition
  1. Minimize friction (lubrication)
  2. Shock Absorption
  3. Nutrient distribution
Term
List the types of movement that may be permitted at a synovial joint.
Definition

Linear motion: any direction

Angular: Felxion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion.

Term
List and describe the 3 types of joint cavities based on range of motion.
Definition
  1. Synarthrosis: Immovable, Fibrous or cartilaginous, overtime bones may fuse.
  2. Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable, either fibrous or cartilaginous
  3. Diarthrosis:Freely movable, synovial joint
Term
List and give examples of the 4 types of synarthroses.
Definition
  1. Suture: Frontal, Sagittal, Suture
  2. Synchondroses: Connection of 1st pair of vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
  3. Gomphoses: Binds teeth to bony sockets in macialla and mandible
  4. Synostoses: Epiphyseal line, frontal suture.
Term
List and give an example of the 2 types of amphiarthroses.
Definition
  1. Syndesmosis: Distal articulation between tibia and fibula.
  2. Symphysis: Bones seperated by a pad of fibrous cartilage, intervertebral disks.
Term
List and describe (give function) of the components of a synovial joint.
Definition
  1. Articular Cartilage: Minimizes friction
  2. Synovial Fluid: Clear viscous, shock absorption, lubrication, nutrient distribution
  3. Accessory Structures: Pads of cartilage, fat pads, ligaments (bone to bone) Tendons ( bone to muscle)
Term
What is bursitis?  What is the most common type of bursitis?
Definition

Inflamation of a bursa. Bunion.

Term
Explain the difference between luxation, subluxation, and double jointed.
Definition

Luxation: dislocation

Subluxation: Partial dislocation

Double Jointed: weakly stabalized joints= greater range of motion

Term
List and describe the types of angular motion.
Definition
  • Abduction: movement away from midline
  • Adduction: movement toward midline
  • Circumduction: Movement around
  • Flexion: reduces angle between articulating bones, flexion of shoulder or hips moves
  • Extension: Increase angle between articulating bones, Extension shoulder & hips moves limbs posteriorly. In anatomical position all joints except ankles are in full extension
  • Hyperextension:extension past anatomical position
Term
Differentiate between a slipped disk and a herniated disk.
Definition

Slipped Disk: Occurs when the ligaments are weakened. The nucleus pulposus may distort the anulus fibrosus forcing it partway into the vertebral canal

Herniated Disk:The nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus. The protrusion compresses nerves, causing pain

 
Term
What factors contribute to the characteristic decrease in height with advancing age?
Definition

Aging decreases the amount of water in the nucleus pulposus therefore decreasing height and increasing risk of vertebral injury 

 
Term

Name the bones that make up the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints.

 

Definition

Shoulder:Scapula, Clavical, & Humerous

Elbow:Humerus, Radius, & Ulna

Knee Joints: Femur, Tibia, & patella

Term
What signs and symptoms would you expect with a torn meniscus?
Definition
  • If a locked knee is struck from the lateral side, the lateral meniscus can tear
  • Placing a lot of weight on the knee while it is partly flexed can trap the meniscus and result in a tear
  • Pain with running or walking longer distances
  • Intermittent swelling of the knee joint
  • Popping
  • Locking
Term
Which tissues or structures provide most of the stability for the shoulder joint?
Definition

Glenoid labrum

Fibrocartilaginous membrane that continues beyond the bony rim of the glenoid cavity 

Deepens the socket

 

Ligaments

Glenohumeral, Coracohumeral, Coracoacromial, Coracoclavicular, Arcromioclavicular 

 
 
Term

What types of movements can occur across intervertebral joints?

 

Definition

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

 

 
Term

7. Which regions of the vertebral column lack intervertebral disks?  Why?

 

Definition

No disks are present

C1 & 2, sacrum, coccyx 

 
Term

Dislocations involving synovial joints are usually prevented by:

 

Definition

A) structures such as ligaments that stabilize and support the joint.

B) the shape of the articulating surface.

C) the presence of other bones that prevent certain movements.

D) the position of muscles and fat pads that limit the degree of movement.

Term
How are osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis different?
Definition

Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease, 60+ years old, Cumulative wear and tear on the joints

Rheumatoid arthritis : Autoimmune, Body attacks its own tissues, Fluid accumulation, Immunosupressor drug therapy, 1% of adult population
Gouty Arthritis (a.k.a., Gout):Crystals of uric acid form with in the synovial fluid joints, Primarily affects the first metatarsal/phalangeal joint, Increasing incidence, Metabolic syndrome, Diet high in alcohol, red meats, and sugar  
 
Term

10. Name and give function of the ligaments that support the vertebral, 

 
Definition

Anterior longitudinal ligament 

Connects the anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

Posterior longitudinal ligament 

Parallels the anterior longitudinal ligament and connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

Interspinous ligament

Connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae 

 Supraspinous ligament
Interconnects the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum
Ligamentum nuchae
Extends from C7 to the base of the skull, continuous with the supraspinous ligament 
Ligamentum flavum 
Connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae 
 
Term
Ligaments of the shoulder
Definition

Glenohumeral

Coracohumeral

Coracoacromial

Coracoclavicular

Arcromioclavicular 

 
Term
Ligaments of the hip
Definition

Iliofemoral

Pubofemoral

Ischiofemoral

Transverse acetabular ligament – crosses the acetabular notch

 
Term
Ligaments of elbow
Definition

Radial collateral ligament – stabilizes the lateral surface of the elbow; several points of attachment 

Annular ligament – binds the head of the radius to the ulna

Ulnar collateral ligament – stabilizes the medial surface of the elbow joint; several points of attachment 

 
Term
Ligaments of Knee
Definition
  1. Patellar ligament (anterior)
  2. Popliteal ligaments (2 - posterior)
  3. Anterior cruciate ligament
  4. Posterior cruciate ligament
  5. Tibial collateral ligament (a.k.a. Medial collateral ligament or MCL) 
  6. Fibular collateral ligament (a.k.a. Lateral collateral ligament, or LCL) 
 
Term
Under what circumstances may the meniscus of the knee tear?
Definition
  • If a locked knee is struck from the lateral side, the lateral meniscus can tear
  • Placing a lot of weight on the knee while it is partly flexed can trap the meniscus and result in a tear 

 

 
Term
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Definition
  1. Supraspinatus
  2. Infraspinatus
  3. Teres minor
  4. Subscapularis
 
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