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Ardila Chapt1and 3
Ardila Neuro Basis
139
Anatomy
Graduate
10/03/2009

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Term
What is the Central Nervous System Comprised of?
Definition
What is the brain and spinal cord
Term
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
Definition
What is the peripheral nerves which are processes in and out of the CNS: cranial and spinal nerves.
Term
What are the Cranial Nerves (general)?
Definition
What are 12 nerves that go from your brain to your eyes, mouth, ears, and other parts of your head
Term
What are Spinal nerves (general)?
Definition
What are 31 spinal nerves?
Term
What is the spinal cord a continuation of?
Definition
What is the brain.
Term
What are Autonomic nerves?
Definition
What are nerves that go from your spinal cord to your lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder and sex organs (involuntary control)
Term
What nerves have involuntary control?
Definition
What are the Autonomic nerves?
Term
What is comprised of neurons?
Definition
What is the nervous system?
Term
What are Neurons and how many are there?
Definition
What is btw 100 and 1,000 billions of a basic anatomic unit.
Term
What does a neuron do?
Definition
What is a specific cell receiving and processing information from one point to another point
Term
Name 6 parts that a neuron includes.
Definition
dendrite, soma, nucleous, axon, myelin sheath, and axon terminal button
Term
What is a dendrite
Definition
What are branches that receives info from another nuron
Term
What is a soma
Definition
What is a cell body
Term
What is an axon
Definition
What is an extesion that will move the info to the axon terminal button that is connected with another neuron
Term
What is the axon covered with?
Definition
What is the myelin sheath
Term
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Definition
What is an insulator in a neuron
Term
Does every neuron have myelin?
Definition
No
Term
In a neuron, where does information go?
Definition
From the dendrite to the axon terminal body
Term
What are the 3 simpliest classification of neurons
Definition
What are Sensory, Inter-neurons, and motor
Term
What are Sensory neurons?
Definition
What gathers info from the environment (receiving); node of ranvier, sensitive to environmental changes to the skin (light)
Term
What are inter-neurons?
Definition
What is located in the CNS and connects other neurons; nucleus of Schwann cell, node of ranvier
Term
What are motor neurons
Definition
What controls the contractions of muscles or secretions of glands
Term
Be able to describe neuron pathway
Definition
Sensory-Interneuron-Motor Neuron
Term
What is involved in motor activity
Definition
Pyramidal system, Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia
Term
The pryamidal system is mostly what?
Definition
What is contralater (85-90%)
Term
Define Contralateral
Definition
The right controls the left and the left controls the right
Term
What does the brain weigh?
Definition
What weighs 1500 grams or 3 lbs
Term
What is the synaptic cleft
Definition
a gap between 2 neurons; neurotranmitters will be relaesed and then activate the next neuron (synapsis)
Term
What is a neuro transmitter
Definition
Term
What is a synapsis
Definition
Term
What is a receptor
Definition
Term
What is action potential
Definition
Term
What is a synaptic vesicle
Definition
Term
What are the 4 basic Neuron types
Definition
Bipolar, Unipolar, Multipolar, and pyrimidal
Term
Draw the 4 basic neuron types
Definition
Term
A bipolar neuron is what classification
Definition
What type is a interneuron
Term
What type is a sensory neuron
Definition
What classification is a unipolar neuron
Term
What type is a motorneuron
Definition
What classification is a multipolar neuron
Term
Where do you find prymidal cells
Definition
Motor area of the cortex
Term
What are the 5 lobes of the brain
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, occipital, temporal, and Insula
Term
What are the characteritics of the frontal lobe?
Definition
What is the largest lobe, 1/3 of cortex; motor activity, area of broca
Term
What are the characteristics of the parietal lobe
Definition
What means wall; sensory info, general body of sensitivity; read comp.
Term
What are the characteristics of the occiptital lobe
Definition
What processes visual info
Term
What are the characteristics of the temporal lobe
Definition
What is the speech area of Wernicke, auditory processing, prosessing of visual info, olfactory info, memory, emotional behavior
Term
What areas involve memory
Definition
Temproal lobe (hippocampus; main area that participates in memory)
Term
What are the characteritics of the insula
Definition
What is a hidden lobe or Verinsula; covered by the temporal lobe
Term
What two lobes have no seperation?
Definition
The occipital lobe and the temporal lobe
Term
Name the 3 main fissures of the brain
Definition
What are the Central Fissure, Lateral Fissure, and Longitudal Fissure
Term
What is another name for the Central Fissure
Definition
What is another name for the rolandic fissure
Term
Where is the Central fissure located
Definition
What separates the fronal lobe from the parietal lobe
Term
What is another name for the lateral fissure?
Definition
What is another name for the sylvan fissure
Term
What is the location of the Lateral Fissure
Definition
What seperates the temporal and parietal lobes from the frontal lobe
Term
What is the location of the longitudal fissure
Definition
What seperates the right and left hemisphere
Term
The brains stem si connected to the
Definition
spinal cord
Term
What are the 2 groove types in the cortex
Definition
Sulci (Sulcus singular) and Fissures
Term
What is the small groove in the cortex called
Definition
Sulci; sulcus (singular)
Term
What are the large grooves in the cortex
Definition
What are fissures
Term
What are the bulges in the cortex called
Definition
What are gyri (or convolutions)
Term
How many layers of cortical cells
Definition
What has 6 layers
Term
Describe the matter of the cortex
Definition
What is the most external part is around 1/2 cm or 1 cm at the grey matter; below is the white matter
Term
Cingulate Gyrus
Definition
Term
What is the basal ganglia
Definition
what are a collection of neurons involved in motor activity
Term
What is the function of the thalamus
Definition
What has the function to receive sensory info before sending it to the cortex
Term
What is the function of the hypothalamus
Definition
What is responsible for feeding, fighting, fleeing, sexual behavior
Term
What is the pituitary control
Definition
Hormones are controlled by what
Term
What is the function of the hippocampus
Definition
What is involved in memory; most internal part of the temporal lobe
Term
The frontal lobe is in charge of what 2 functions
Definition
What has executive functions and movement
Term
What are executive functions
Definition
What function is thinking, planning, organizing, and problem solving. Emotionas and behavior control, personality (prefrontal lobe) maturation in adolescence -ability to abstract or conceptualize
Term
Movement is related to what part of the brain
Definition
The motor cortex
Term
What is the function of the parietal lobe
Definition
Sensation in the sensory cortex and perception: making sense of the world; arithmetic, spelling
Term
What is the occipital lobe's function
Definition
Visual (brodmann's area 17)
Term
What brodmann's area is visual
Definition
#17
Term
What is the function of the cerebellum
Definition
balance
Term
What are the function of the temporal lobe
Definition
memory; understanding; language
Term
What is the function of the spinal cord
Definition
What carries info up and down the brain
Term
How is olfactory info processed
Definition
What is processed in the cortex thru the thalamus (primitive type of info)
Term
What is deep inside the brain
Definition
Where is the basal ganglia, cerebrum, hippocampus, and thalamus
Term
What is the caudate nucleus
Definition
What is the basal ganglia
Term
What is the cerebrum
Definition
What is the cerebal cortex
Term
Where is the hippocampus and what is its function
Definition
what is in the temporal lobe and responsible for memory
Term
What is the function of the thalamus
Definition
What recives sensory info before sending it to the cortex. inner structure of the brain, including the limbic system
Term
The basal ganglia is a collection of
Definition
What is a collection of neurons; involved in motor activity
Term
The basal ganglia includes
Definition
What includes the Putament, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra
Term
The caudate nucleus is closest to the
Definition
lateral ventricle
Term
Talk about the substantia nigra
Definition
lower at the level of the midbrain/mesencephalon (window); generates depamine
Term
The lenicular nucleus is comprised of
Definition
What is the globus pallidus and putamen
Term
Internal Capsule is located
Definition
Term
Stratium
Definition
Term
What liquid do the ventricles contain
Definition
Where is the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Term
Name the 4 ventricles
Definition
(2) lateral ventricles (right and left), 3rd ventricle, that connects to the 4th ventricle
Term
What ventricle is located at the level of the thalamus and has a hole in the middle
Definition
Where the 3rd ventricle is
Term
Where is the 4th ventricle located
Definition
What ventricle is located at the level of the spinal cord
Term
What connects the 3rd and the 4th ventricle
Definition
What is the masa intermedia Or cerbral aquaduct
Term
What is the hypothalmus and where is it located
Definition
Located under the thalamus; 5 f's feeling,fighting,feeding,fearing,sexual behavior
Term
What is the pituitary and location
Definition
Whad is in charge of gland control; hormone system; below the hypothalamus gland; master gland; works togeter with the hypothalamus
Term
What are the three main parts of brain organization
Definition
What are the Cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord
Term
What are the parts of the cerebrum
Definition
What is the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe (thalamus and basal ganglia within cortical mantle
Term
What are the parts of the brain stem
Definition
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Term
What are the parts of the spinal cord
Definition
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Term
The brain has 2 parts
Definition
mesa and convexity
Term
The midbrain has what 2 parts
Definition
tegmemtum and tectum (roof of the midbrain
Term
The pons is a what
Definition
What is a bridge
Term
The medulla corresponds to what
Definition
What corresponds to the spinal cord
Term
What is the cerebellum and where is it located
Definition
What is the little brain located below the occipital lobe; close to the brain stem; located btw occipital lobe and brain stem.
Term
The skull has 3 cavities
Definition
Fossa (Interfossa, midfossa, posterior fossa)
Term
Broca's area is where and what
Definition
Area that is located in the frontal lobe responsible for speech production - major are, problem solving; abstract, contextualizing, higher psychological process; association areas.
Term
Where and what is Wernicke's area
Definition
langauge understanding (temporal lobe); association area
Term
Prefronatal cortex is responsible for
Definition
What are executive functions; volitional association area; association area
Term
What is the angulary gyrus and location
Definition
Verbal association area; parietal lobe; reading, language; sensory area.
Term
Brodmann's area 22
Definition
Wernicke's area
Term
Brodamans's Area 44
Definition
Broca's area
Term
Brodmann's area 4
Definition
Primary motor area (in front of the central fissure)
Term
Brodaman's area 3,1,2
Definition
Primary sensory area
Term
Brodmann's area 1
Definition
Primary visual area
Term
The Homunculus is comprised of
Definition
Somatosensory strip and motor strip
Term
What and where sematosensory strip
Definition
Frontal and temporal lobes forearm, thumb, tongue
Term
What and where is the motor strip
Definition
Parietal and occipital lobes - hands, lips, swallowing
Term
What gyrus is motor cortex
Definition
precentral gyrus
Term
What gyrus is primary somatosensory cortex
Definition
Post central gyrus
Term
What is gray matter
Definition
external part of the brain; 5-7 mm
Term
What is white matter
Definition
pathways in and out of the cortex; correspondes to the axis (about 1cm)
Term
What are the 6 layers of the cerberal cortex
Definition
molecular layer, external granular, external pyramidal,internal granular, internal pryamidal, multiform layer
Term
What layer has giant nerves of Betz or Pyramidal neurons - origin
Definition
Internal pyramidal layer
Term
The spinal cord goes thru what
Definition
the center of stacked vertebrae which portect the spinal cord
Term
How long is the spinal cord
Definition
30-45 cm depending on the individual (around 40cm)
Term
Why is it important to have water in the brain
Definition
What acts like a cushion for the brain
Term
The spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves
Definition
31
Term
What is the breakdown of the spinal nerves
Definition
Cervical (8); Thoracic (12); lumbar (5); sacral nerves (5); coccygeal nerve
Term
Where is the sciatic nerve
Definition
Cerebellum??
Term
The spinal cord consists of
Definition
What consists of spinal nerves, disc, and vertebra
Term
What is the struture of a spinal nerve
Definition
Has a motor root (controlling motor activity);sensory root(rec sensory info and carries to brain)
Term
Cauda Equina
Definition
horse tail
Term
What is a ventral horn
Definition
the end of cell body of motor neuron
Term
Afferent info is
Definition
What is in; sensory
Term
What is efferent info
Definition
What is out; motor
Term
Know the chart of the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Definition
Term
What is the corpus callusum
Definition
What is the pathway connecting the right and left hemisphere; interconnected
Term
What are the 3 parts of the corpus callusum
Definition
The genu/knee-central part interior; splenium-posterior;body-interior
Term
Parkinson's disease lowers
Definition
What lowers the level of dopamine, which lowers the level of happiness (sustantia nigra) motor disturbance
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