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Ardila Chapt 7-8
Neuro Basis Chapter 7-8
63
Anatomy
Graduate
10/04/2009

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Term
What are the 6 typical neuron components
Definition
Soma, Neurites, axon, dendrites, terminal buttons, Myelin Sheath
Term
What is the soma
Definition
cell body
Term
What are neurites
Definition
any process that extends from cell body
Term
Describe Axon
Definition
Goes to the axon terminal button and contains myelin
Term
Function of dendrites
Definition
to receive info from preneuron
Term
Function of terminal buttons
Definition
info is released to the synaptic cleft
Term
What seperates neuron components in different segments
Definition
Myelin sheath
Term
Synaptic Transmission Definition
Definition
info from one neuron flows to another neuron across a synapse.
Term
What is a synapse
Definition
a small gap separating neurons
Term
what 3 things does a synapse consist of
Definition
Presynaptic ending, postsynaptic ending; synaptic cleft or space
Term
Describe presynaptic ending
Definition
presynaptic neuron that contains neurotransmitters, mitochondria, and other cell organelles
Term
What is a postsynaptic ending
Definition
Postsynaptic neuron that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters
Term
Describe synaptic cleft
Definition
space btw the pre and postsynaptic endings (neurons in a chain)
Term
What 3 things to know about Axon Terminal (what is there)
Definition
Neurotransmitters, synaptic vesicicles, votage gated CA++ channels
Term
What is the dendritic spine
Definition
post-synaptic density
Term
What do you need to know about Cell specializations
Definition
Support, contraction, conduction, secretion
Term
Nerve cells are specialized for
Definition
Communication (nerves donduct electrochemical signals)
Term
What are the Cell components of the neuron
Definition
Membrane:bilipid layer; cytoplasm with mitochondria and golgiapparatus; nucleus; microfilaments
Term
What is the pathway starting from dendrites
Definition
dentrites-cellbody-axon-axon terminals synapse with-axon dendrites on target cell
Term
What are the neuron classification based on number of axon processes
Definition
Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
Term
Unipolar neurons tend to be
Definition
Sensory neurons
Term
Bipolar neurons tent to be
Definition
an interneuron
Term
Multipolar neurons tend to be
Definition
Motor neuron
Term
What are the 2 types of axon length
Definition
Golgi type I (long); Golgi type II (short)
Term
What are the effects of a neurotransmitter
Definition
excitatory vs inhibitory
Term
What are the 3 types of multipolar cells
Definition
Motorneuron of spinal cord; pyramidal cell of hippocampus; purkinje cell of cerebellum
Term
What is a type of unipolar cell
Definition
Invertebrate neuron
Term
What is a type of bipolar cell
Definition
bipolar cell of retina
Term
What is a type of pseudo-unipolar cell
Definition
Ganglion cell of dorsal root
Term
What are CNS support cells
Definition
neuroglia; astrocytes and microglia, oligodendroglia and Schwann cells
Term
neuroglia means and provides
Definition
glue and provides physical support, nutrient flow, nerve 'housekeeping' removing nonfunctioning nerves
Term
What is the blood brain barrier
Definition
Barrier to enty or certain substances into the brain
Term
The blood-brain barrier is the specialized system of
Definition
capillary endothelial cells that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood stream, while supplying the required nutirents for proper function
Term
A microglia cell is used for
Definition
defense cell
Term
Astrocyte cell role is
Definition
support and nutrition
Term
Oligodendrocyte cell role is
Definition
insulation
Term
Describe example of measuring nerve cell resting membrane potential
Definition
giant squid axon is placed in sea water & glass microelectrode is inserted into axon. voltage measures -70 mV (millivolts) inside with respect to outside
Term
Rested membrane potential simple definition
Definition
difference inside vs outside
Term
RMP is a balance pt btw
Definition
Concentration and electrical gradients
Term
At rest some K+ can leave cell causing
Definition
the exterior of the nerve cell membrane to be slightly positive relative to the inside of the axon
Term
Talk about local potentials degrade
Definition
Disturbances of membrane potential can be carried along membrane. degrade with time and distance; at the level of the axon can the membrane potential be observed
Term
The action potenital is a sterotyped
Definition
change in membrane potential
Term
If Resting Membrane potential moves past threshold
Definition
membrane quickly moves to +40mV and then returnts to resting
Term
Ionic basis of Action potential
Definition
NA+ in: upswing of spike; K+ out: downswing of spike
Term
When does the action potential begin
Definition
at the beginning of the axon and is transmitting thru the axon up to the terminal button
Term
What are the properties of the axon potential
Definition
"all or none" event triggered or not; actively propagated down the axon-notion of successive patches of membrane (jumping); has fixed velocity and amplitude; is a property of the membrane (sodium-potassium point)
Term
What is the membrane refractory periods
Definition
Absolute-1 msec (during impulse); relative-following repolorization
Term
Rp's limit the firing rate of nerve cells
Definition
1msec rp would=1000 pulsed per second
Term
Absolute RP explains
Definition
why Action potential typically cannot travel in 2 directions simultaneously
Term
Saltatory Conduction is
Definition
AP's are propagated down axon; ap depolarizes each successive patch of membrane-slows down transmission in nonmyelinated axons
Term
Myelinated axons and action potential
Definition
Action potential jumps from not to node: only depolarizes membrane at node; the myelin makes the transmission faster
Term
Salatory Conduction speeds up
Definition
velocity and allows for smaller diameter axons
Term
Describe neurotransmisson in the synapse
Definition
AP is conducted along axon membrant to axon terminal; reaches the synapse(gap btw pre and post synaptic membranses 20-30 nmeters; presence of vesicles that contain transmitter substances
Term
Describe neurotransmission in the postsynaptic elements
Definition
NT interacts with receptors to produce a change in membrane; postsynaptic potentials either excitatory or inhibitory
Term
Excitatory results in
Definition
depolarization; increases the likelihood to the ap
Term
Inhibitory results in
Definition
hyperpolarization; decreases the liklihood to the AP
Term
Postsynaptic potentials characteristics are
Definition
graded in size, not propagated as areAP(are governed by time and space constants); not subject to a refractory period; subject to a slow time course, are only observed in the beginning of the axon
Term
PSP's involve a change
Definition
in P to one or more ions - increased P(k+) or P(Na+)
Term
What are the types of Major Neurotransmitters (3)
Definition
Amines, Amino Acids, Neuropeptides
Term
Name types of Amines
Definition
Acetylcholin (1st discovered); Catecholamines which include dopamine and Norepinephrine
Term
Name 2 types of amino acids
Definition
Glutamate and GABA
Term
Name 2 types of Neuropeptides
Definition
Somatostatin and Substance P
Term
What are the 5 steps of neurotransmitters
Definition
1Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters molecules in synaptic vesicles 2 Release of neurotranmitter molecules into synaptic cleft 3 Binding of neurotransmitters at receptor sites on psotsynaptic membrane 4 Inactivation (by enzymes) or removal (drifting away) of neurotransmitters 5 Reuptake of neurotransmitters sponged up by the presynaptic neuron
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