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| Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, or any of Jacob's 12 sons, the eponymous progenitors of the 12 tribes of Israel. |
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| frees people of Israel from slavery, receive Torah/Commandments, journey to Promised Land |
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| 1saul,2david(golden age of jerusalem,3soloman(builds temple) |
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| north=israel, south=judah |
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| israel destroyed by who? when? |
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| end of the period of the first temple who when what |
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| Judah destroyed and taken into captivity by the Babylonians in 585 BCE |
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| persians allow jews back into israel and rebuild temple |
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| Hasmonean Jewish Dynasty/Maccabees |
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| rule from 164-64 BCE; where we get Hannakah celebration, last time jewsruled and independent realm until israel |
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| temple destroyed by romans |
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Bar Kochba Revolt
Jews kicked out of Jerusalem
Temple of Jupiter built on place of Temple
City renamed Aelia Capitolina |
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| hallmark of Jewish communities over much of the world |
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| holy relics for christian byzantine empire |
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| jesusalem-church of the holy sepulcher, true criss of christ, nazareth- annunciation/home, pilgrimage |
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| jews kicked out of spain (antisemetism) |
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| some jews migrate from spain to the ottoman empire, some move east into russia and poland |
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| jews are granted equal rights with christians |
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| highest jewish populations in enlightenment |
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| Tsarist Russia and Romania |
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Jerusalem
Hebron
Tiberias
Safed |
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| Holiest cities for Muslims |
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Mecca
Medina
Jerusalem
Hebron
Qom
Mashhad
Najaf (Shi’i)
Karbala (Shi’i) |
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| father of zionism, Viennese writer; 1896 The Jewish State |
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| Many Jews began to believe the only way they were going to escape persecution was to move to Palestine and rebuild their state in the land of Israel |
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| First International Zionist Congress |
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The promotion, in suitable ways, of the colonization of Palestine by Jewish agricultural and industrial workers
The organizing and uniting of all Jews by means of suitable institutions, local and international, in compliance with the laws of all countries
The strengthening and encouraging of Jewish national sentiment and awareness
Introducing moves towards receiving governmental approval where needed for the realization of Zionism’s goal |
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| 1881-1903 – “Going Up” first big migration of jews to Palestine from eastern europe and yemen |
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worked fairly well politically but not socially, Were attacked and at times replaced by other social philosophies resting on evolution, historicism, romanticism, and race theories
Political opponents of liberalism tried to arouse suspicion and dislike towards the Jews as a means to embarrass and overthrow the liberals – fed into general feeling of suspicion in society towards Jews |
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| Dreyfus was accused and convicted of giving French secrets to the Germans, they found evidence that he didnt do it and first they tried to cover this up but when this was brought to light he was a acquitted and served in the french army in ww1 but this was devastating blow to Jewish hopes of equality |
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| writter who helped support drayfus in retrial |
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| writers that paved the way for herzel |
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| French organization that assisted Jews, organized schools in N Africa and ME; not in favor of Jewish state |
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| "the ascenders" first aliyah |
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| vary but no more than 20,000 jewish settlers and of the 25-35l? about half settled somewhere other than palestein |
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| 1905-1914 Large-scale emigration from Russia and Poland; 40,000 |
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| spoken word and written language renewed in second aliyah |
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| supplied funds for land purchasing and other resources for new emmigrants |
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| how many of the second aliyah settlers left before ww1 |
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| why did arabs reject partition plan? |
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Loss of major mixed cities (Jaffa, Haifa, Jerusalem)
The Arab state is slightly smaller than the Jewish one: 4,500 sq. miles versus 5,500 sq. miles for the Jewish state
Water access (drinking and ports)
Arabs traditionally opposed to the basic idea of a Jewish national home in Palestine
Arab state “too small” in comparison to population – Jews 37% of population given 55% of land (4,500 sq miles to Arabs; 5,500 sq miles to Jews)
According to the plan, Arabs will be living in the Jewish state
Jerusalem (both sides wanted control/capital)
Much of coast and fertile land given to Jews
General view: The western world, led by the US and the UN, is trying to pay its debt to the Jews following the atrocities of the Holocaust. |
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| why did jews accept partition plan? |
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Made recognition of Jewish state official
Jews need a state, especially following the Holocaust and the creation of a major problem of Jewish refugees
Want to free themselves from the British
Have access to the ports in Haifa and Jaffa, to the Gulf of Aqaba |
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| The State of Israel is declared |
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| may 14, 1948, british leave may 15, 1948 arab forces except jordanian forces invade |
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| first stage of war of 1948 |
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| November 1947-March 1948, was based mainly on guerrilla warfare and paramilitary operations from both sides. The Arabs were assisted by volunteers from the neighboring countries. |
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| December 1947- mid May 1948 |
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| Civil and guerrilla warfare |
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| December 1947-March 1948: Arab exodus, mainly upper and middle-class families from cities |
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| The Haganah was allowed to clear vital areas – highly debated; allowed for the “designed” plan to take Arab land and transfer to Jews |
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| n an effort by the Jewish militias to clear the road to Jerusalem, which was being blockaded by Arab forces, Deir Yassin was attacked and emptied of its inhabitants on April 9, 1948, byIrgun and Lehi forces, reinforced by Haganah troops |
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| Exodus from cities and rural areas followed by Jewish attacks. Some instances of direct expulsion of Palestinians. |
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| Short offensives of the IDF, 300,000 more Palestinians become refugees. No direct order of expulsion, but the existence of “a spirit of expulsion.” |
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| What is the background for the debate over 1948? When did it start, and what were its causes? |
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| Started in 80’s following the opening of archival material from 1948 |
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| New” historians versus “Old” historians: who are the two sides? |
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New = academics (not political/military), Jews, Israelis, “objective;” Ilan Peppe, Benny Morris, Peri Shlaim, Norman Finkelstein
Challenging the historical facts, the Jewish narrative of the 1948 war
Old = military, political biographies of generals, etc.; Shabteri (Ben Gurieon biographer), Natanel Loreh (History department of IDF) |
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| What are the main issues debated (according to Anita Shapira)? |
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Challenges the legitimacy of the Jewish state at all; Jewish state “born in sin” on the backs of the Palestinians
Debate of collective memory |
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| Why did the Palestinian Arabs leave? |
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Hostile operations of the Hagana, Irgun and Stern Gang on specific villages or towns which created fear and caused the flight of people
Jewish psychological warfare (Haifa as a case study)
The effects of Deir Yassin
Orders of Arab leaders to leave.
Lack of local or foreign Arab leadership; many left the country in the early stages of the conflict. The local Arab Palestinian population was left without leadership, discouraged. |
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| wrote and article on palestine refugee problem |
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| Reasons for failure according to Khalidi |
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* Failure of politics of notables among Palestinian Arabs.
* Domination of Hajj Amin al-Husseini (against the will of the people?)
* Inability of the traditional leadership to appeal to younger generation.
* The centrality and failure of the 1936-1939 revolt: |
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Hebron
Site of the oldest Jewish community
Gen 23; Abraham purchases land for burial
Tomb of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca and Leah as well as subsequent Jewish community leaders and members
Jewish presence until 1929 – Massacre: 67 Jews murdered; 60 wounded; Several attempts to return/re-build
All Jews expelled in 1948 by Jordanians and no permanent Jewish settlement until 1979
Today, 12,000 Arabs, 500 Jews, 3 Christians; 6,000 Jews in nearby settlement of Kiryat Arba
Violent outbreaks – both Jewish and Arab
1994 Dr. Baruch Goldstein opened fire on Muslim worshippers at the Tomb, killing 29 and wounding 125
Civil affairs of Arabs under PA and Arab Municipality
IDF over security and well-being of Jewish citizens |
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| War of Independence / Nahkba |
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| Syrian Border and Air Battles |
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| 1967 was a war between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day. |
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| ought between Israel and Egypt from 1967 to 1970. It was initiated by Egypt as a way to force Israel to negotiate on favourable terms the return of the Sinai Peninsula, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. However, this objective was not realized, and instead the hostilities ended with a ceasefire signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers remaining in the same place as when the war began, with no real commitment to serious peace negotiations. |
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| , was fought from October 6 to October 26, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states backing Egypt and Syria. The war began with a joint surprise attack against Israel by Egypt and Syria on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism. Egypt and Syria respectively crossed the cease-fire lines in the Sinai and the Golan Heights, which had been captured and occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War |
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| was a Palestinian Uprising against Israeli rule in the Palestinian Territories. |
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| period of intensified Palestinian-Israeli violence, which began in late September 2000 |
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| was a three-week military conflict between Israel and Hamas that took place in the Gaza Strip and southern Israel during the winter of 2008–2009 |
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* 20.2% of Israel's citizens are Arabs.
* There are more than 1000 Jewish settlements in Israel, and 107 Arab settlements. Since 1948 no Arab settlement was established (as a result of an Arab initiative). 800 new Jewish settlements were established.
* The State of Israel owns 19.5 million dunam of lands. 93% out of the state-owned land is administered by the Israel Land Administration (ILA).
* 3.5% of the land is private land owned by Jews, 3.5% of the land is privately owned by Arabs. |
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