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APWH - Chapter 19
AP World History, Chapter 19, Early Latin America
334
History
10th Grade
03/20/2011
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Term
Who was Hernan Cortes?
 Definition
The Spanish conquistador. He made an expedition toward Mexico and killed Moctezuma II.
Term
What did he see that "struck him dumb?" (What did it look like?)
 Definition
The capital of Tenochtitlan - whitewashed walls, roof gardens, shining gold temples, it was huge, had canals.
Term
What happened during the first conquests of Tenochtitlan?
 Definition
It was ransacked.
Term
What new practices were used? Who influenced them?
 Definition
Forced labor - Native Americans.
Term
What was the pattern of conquest?
 Definition
Rebuilding on the ruins of the past.
Term
Who had once been the newcomers in the valley of Mexico? Who did they inherit their leadership from?
 Definition
Aztecs - from the Toltcs.
Term
The ____ arrival to the Americas was a shock.
 Definition
Europeans'.
Term
Who was the emperor of the Aztecs?
 Definition
Moctezuma.
Term
What year did the Europeans come to the Americas?
 Definition
1519
Term
What happened to Moctezuma?
 Definition
He was killed and his empire was destroyed.
Term
How did Spain and Portugal create empires in the Americas?
 Definition
By conquest and settlement.
Term
What did Latin America provide that drew it into a new world economy?
 Definition
Silver, gold, crops, and other goods.
Term
What were the Spain and Portuguese often called? Why?
 Definition
"Iberians" - they came from the Iberian peninsula.
Term
When was the formative period of Latin America? What happened during this time?
 Definition
1490s-18th century - conquest, economic and political complexity
Term
What arose throughout the Americas? How?
 Definition
New societies - old Native American cultures either destroyed or created.
Term
What happened to the Native Americans who survived battles with the Europeans?
 Definition
They created new distinctive civilizations.
Term
What did the Europeans want in the New World?
 Definition
Economic gain and social mobility.
Term
Which countries created landed estates in the Americas?
 Definition
Portugal, England, Spain, Holland, and France.
Term
Who worked on the large landed estates?
 Definition
African slaves.
Term
What did the Europeans exploit?
 Definition
Precious metals.
Term
What Christian kingdoms had evolved?
 Definition
Portugal, Castile, and Aragon.
Term
Where were Ferdinand and Isabella from?
 Definition
Ferdinand - Aragon, Isabella - Castile.
Term
What was Granada?
 Definition
The last Muslim kingdom.
Term
What did Isabella order the Jews to do? How many left?
 Definition
Convert or leave. Nearly 200,000
Term
Spanish and Portuguese were very ____ with many ____.
 Definition
Urbanized, peasants.
Term
What did many commoners who came to America hope to recreate themselves as?
 Definition
A new nobility with natives as their serfs.
Term
What were encomiendas?
 Definition
Grants given to the American Indian laborers.
Term
How did slavery come to America?
 Definition
It was still being used on the Iberian peninsula and was carried over.
Term
____ & ____ were both politically centralized. (Places)
 Definition
Portugal, Castile
Term
What political links were extended to the New World?
 Definition
The relationship of the church and the state and the bureaucracy.
Term
What was Portugal establishing along the African coast and the Atlantic Islands? Since when?
 Definition
African coast - trading posts. Atlantic Islands - estates for slave trade. Since 1415.
Term
What are the three periods in which the Spanish and Portuguese colonized the Americas? What happened during these times?
 Definition
1492-1570 - administration and economy set out; 1570-1700 - colonial institutions took form; 18th century - reform, revolts, & reorganization.
Term
During roughly a century, vast areas of 2 continents and millions of people were brought under ____ ____.
 Definition
European control.
Term
What linked areas to an emerging Atlantic economy?
 Definition
Immigration, commerce, and exploitation of native populations.
Term
Which two places attracted Spaniards?
 Definition
Mexico and Peru.
Term
What was Hispaniola?
 Definition
A colony on the island of Santo Domingo established by Columbus.
Term
During what years did Puerto Rico and Cuba fall under Spanish control?
 Definition
Puerto Rico - 1508 & Cuba - 1511.
Term
What was an encomendero? What were they allowed to do?
 Definition
The holder of an encomienda. They wre allowed to use the people as workers or tax them.
Term
Why was the Caribbean depopulated?
 Definition
Disease, gold hunting, and slavery.
Term
What became a testing ground? How?
 Definition
The Caribbean. Spanish established Iberian-style cities there, hurricanes caused moving and abandonment of towns, new ideas and forms were implanted.
Term
How were cities usually laid out?
 Definition
Grid plans or checkerboard form. Main buildings in the central plaza. Influenced by Rome.
Term
What did Spain create to rule?
 Definition
Administrative institutions that had the governorship, the treasury office, the royal court of appeals, and Spanish legalism.
Term
The ____ participated in enterprise.
 Definition
Church.
Term
What was being built on Hispaniola by 1530?
 Definition
A cathedral and university.
Term
What did the immigrants include by 1510s?
 Definition
Spanish women and African slaves.
Term
What were "Caribs?"
 Definition
People of the lesser Antilles. They were accused of cannibalism and subject to being slaves. They held out longer during the depopulation because their islands were less attractive.
Term
Who attempted to end the abuses in 1510?
 Definition
Clerics and royal administers.
Term
Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?
 Definition
A conquistador turned priest who attempted to end the abuse.
Term
When did the conquest of Mexico, Peru, and Brazil take place?
 Definition
Mexico - 1520s; Peru - 1530s; Brazil - after 1500.
Term
What was bartering with the Native Americans replaced by?
 Definition
Sugar plantations.
Term
What led to the importation of African slaves?
 Definition
Depopulation and need of workers for labor.
Term
Who was Pedro Cieza de Leon?
 Definition
A conquistador of Peru.
Term
How many men did a Spanish expedition usually compromise?
 Definition
50-500 men.
Term
Who began to form civil society?
 Definition
Women, missionaries, administrators, and artisans.
Term
Where were the conquests directed toward?
 Definition
Mexico and South America.
Term
What was Tenochtitlan replaced by?
 Definition
Mexico City.
Term
What was the kindong of New Spain?
 Definition
Central Mexico with agricultural populations and towns under Spanish control.
Term
Where was the second expedition?
 Definition
Caribbean to northern South America and Panama.
Term
Who led the conquest of the Inca Empire? What happened?
 Definition
Francisco Pizarro. Cuzco fell and Lima was built on the coast.
Term
Why were there surpluses of food and labor?
 Definition
The conquests of densely populated areas.
Term
Who was Francisco Vazquez de Coronado?
 Definition
Led the most famous expedtition from 1540-1542 in southwestern U.S.
Term
Who was Pedro de Valdivia?
 Definition
He conquered central Chile and established Santiago in 1541.
Term
Who founded Buenos Aires and when?
 Definition
Spain in 1536.
Term
How many Spanish cities were there in the Americas? How many were in Mexico and central America?
 Definition
192, 1/3.
Term
How did the Spanish conquerors lead?
 Definition
By force of will and personal power.
Term
What happened when men were rewarded after a conquest?
 Definition
They were awarded according to a contract. Some men had shares and recieved more. Family and friends were rewarded more liberally by leaders.
Term
Who was Ines Suarez?
 Definition
The heroine of the conquest of Chile.
Term
What did the conquerors consist of?
 Definition
Various men who were usually not soldiers, few women, and men who wanted to serve God. They were satisfied by encomiendas.
Term
Who was the new peasantry?
 Definition
American Indians.
Term
What were reasons for Spanish success?
 Definition
Advanced technology, ruthless leadership, disease, and high levels of centralization.
Term
What was happening by 1570?
 Definition
The age of conquest was coming to a close.
Term
Who replaced conquerors?
 Definition
Merchants, bureaucrats, and colonists.
Term
The Spanish America had become a ____ rather than a ____.
 Definition
Colony, conquest.
Term
What did conquest involve?
 Definition
Violence, dominance, and theft.
Term
Who was Juan Gines de Sepulveda?
 Definition
A Spanish shcolar who based his arguments on Aristotle.
Term
What happened after conquests ended?
 Definition
People questioned the morality of the conquests. They argued about the treatment of the Indians.
Term
What resulted from conquests for the American peoples?
 Definition
Population drops, mistreatment, disease, slaving, war, destruction of their lands
Term
What led to the seizure of former communal farming lands by Spanish landowners?
 Definition
The epedemic.
Term
The decline of the Indian population was matched by ____.
 Definition
The increase of European livestock.
Term
What did the Spanish NOT conflict with?
 Definition
America Indian authority and religion.
Term
The Indians in Mexico and Peru remained in place as what?
 Definition
Middlemen between tax and labor demands.
Term
The enslavement of Indians was prohibited by the ____ in ____ of Spanish America.
 Definition
mid-16th century, most.
Term
What were given to conquerors instead of labor or taxation?
 Definition
Encomiendas.
Term
Encomiendas were ____ to Indian societies.
 Definition
Destructive.
Term
Who moved to end the institution in the 1540s? Why?
 Definition
The Spanish crown. He didn't want to see a new nobility arise.
Term
What did the crown limit and prohibit for encomiendas?
 Definition
Inheritability and the right to demand certain labors from Indians.
Term
Where did the encomiendas exist? Where were they all but gone from?
 Definition
On the outside of the empire, Mexico and Peru.
Term
Grants of land were seen as ____.
 Definition
Wealth
Term
What did the govt. increasingly extract from natives meanwhile?
 Definition
Labor and taxes.
Term
What was the "mita?" What did it mobilize the Indians to do?
 Definition
Forced labor of groups of laborers in Peru. Work in mines and on other projects.
Term
What happened with group labor projects eventually?
 Definition
Leaders abused the system and the projects became disruptive to life.
Term
Why did many Indians leave their villages by the 17th century? What did this lead to?
 Definition
To avoid tax and labor obligations - they wanted to work in the cities. It led to the growth of a wage labor system while working for the Spanish.
Term
What did the Native American culture demonstrate?
 Definition
Resiliency in the face of the systems by adapting.
Term
What became a way of life? How?
 Definition
Litigation. Spanish people learned to use the legal system.
Term
Ntaive Americans proved to be ____ in their adaptation of European ____, ____, and ____.
 Definition
Selective, foods, technology, culture.
Term
Spanish America was an ____ society with ____ of the population living/working on ____.
 Definition
Agrarian, 80, land.
Term
What was Spain's essential activity?
 Definition
Mining.
Term
What began to fit Latin America into the developing world economy?
 Definition
Precious metals.
Term
Where did most of the precious metal come from?
 Definition
Postconquest mining industry.
Term
Where was gold found?
 Definition
Caribbean, Columbia, and Chile.
Term
What was the basis of Spain's wealth in America?
 Definition
Silver.
Term
When were the major silver discoveries made in Mexico and Peru? What formed as a result?
 Definition
1545-1565. Mining towns.
Term
What was the largest mine of all? What percent of Peruvian silver did it produce?
 Definition
Potosi. 80%.
Term
How many people lived/worked in Potosi in the 17th century?
 Definition
160,000.
Term
Peru's ____ and Mexico's ____ became ____.
 Definition
Potosi, Zacatecas, wealthy mining centers.
Term
What did the mining centers have?
 Definition
Opulent churches and a luxurious way of life.
Term
Silver was not sent to Spain, but it was "____".
 Definition
The blood and sweat of Indians.
Term
What was the use of encomienda workers and slaves replaced by?
 Definition
A system of labor drafts. 13,000 workers a yr. were sent to Potosi.
Term
Who worked in place of drafted miners?
 Definition
Wage workers.
Term
Most mining techniques were ____ in origin.
 Definition
European.
Term
What did silver mining depend on?
 Definition
Amalgamation with mercury to extract silver.
Term
What was Huancavelica?
 Definition
The mountain of mercury in Peru.
Term
What became the "great marriage of Peru?"
 Definition
Huancavelica and Potosi.
Term
Who did all subsoil rights belong to?
 Definition
The crown.
Term
What was the system of mining (payment)?
 Definition
1/5 of production had to be paid to the govt.
Term
How did the govt. profit with mining?
 Definition
The 1/5 of production and mercury needed.
Term
What began to rise as mining increased?
 Definition
Farms to raise livestock and crops near mines.
Term
From Spain's perspective, mining was the _____ of the ____ ____.
 Definition
Heart, colonial economy.
Term
As populations dwindled, Spanish ____ began to emerge.
 Definition
Farms.
Term
What did colonists find more attractive? Why?
 Definition
Land ownership - the population was declining.
Term
What developed throughout the central areas of Spanish America? What were they called?
 Definition
Family-owned rural estates - haciendas.
Term
What became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy?
 Definition
Haciendas.
Term
____ & ____ made up only a small portion of the value of exports in comparison to ____.
 Definition
Sugar, cacao, silver.
Term
What competition emerged in Native American communites?
 Definition
One between haciendas and village communities.
Term
Where was sheep raising popular? What did this lead to?
 Definition
Ecuador, New Spain, and Peru. Sweat shops to produce cloth.
Term
What did the American kingdoms have that the Spanish commmercial system revolved around?
 Definition
A silver heart.
Term
Where did all American trade pass through in Spain?
 Definition
Seville and later Cadiz.
Term
What controlled all Spaniard commerce w/America? What did they do?
 Definition
A Board of Trade in Seville - registered ships/passengers, kept charts, & collected taxes.
Term
What was a consulado?
 Definition
A merchant guild that worked w/the board of trade and kept prices high in colonies.
Term
Who was envious of trade in the West Indies? How was this handled?
 Definition
Other Europeans. 2 fleets sailed annually from Spain.
Term
What were galleons?
 Definition
Large, heavily armed ships used in the annual sails. They carried silver.
Term
What provided shelter for halleons?
 Definition
Heavily fortified ports.
Term
What was the only fleet lost in the convoys?
 Definition
The Dutch.
Term
What was most of the wealth in Spain used for?
 Definition
To pay for European wars, debts, and to buy goods to send to the West Indies.
Term
What contributed to the general inflation throughout Eruope?
 Definition
The arrival of American treasure.
Term
The American treasure never made up more than ____ of Spain's state revenues.
 Definition
1/4.
Term
What did Spain's wealth rely on?
 Definition
Taxation of its population more than exploitation of Native Americans.
Term
The enless supply of silver stimulated what?
 Definition
Bankers ledning money to Spain.
Term
How did Spain control its American empire?
 Definition
Bureaucratic system.
Term
What was the sovereignty of the crown based on?
 Definition
The papal grant that awarded the West Indies to Castile.
Term
What was the Treaty of Todesillas?
 Definition
Between Catile and Portugal clarified spherical influence and right of possession of the 2 kingdoms by drawing a norht-south line around the globe.
Term
Where did Brazil fall in the spheres?
 Definition
In Portugal's.
Term
What were letrados?
 Definition
University-trained lawyers from Spain.
Term
What was the recopilacion?
 Definition
1681 - codified the laws into the basis for govt. in the colonies.
Term
What did the king rule through in Spain?
 Definition
The Council of the Indies.
Term
What did Spain created in the West Indies?
 Definition
Viceroyalties in Mexico City and Lima.
Term
What were viceroys?
 Definition
High rainking nobles who were direct representatives of the king.
Term
What did the viceroys wield?
 Definition
Military, law, and judicial powers.
Term
What were audiencias?
 Definition
The courts that controlle the 10 judicial groups that the viceroys were divided into.
Term
What did magistrates do?
 Definition
Applied laws, collected taxes, and assigned Native Americans to certain tasks. They abused the law.
Term
Who was below the magistrates?
 Definition
Bureaucrats who made a living and a way of life off of bureaucracy.
Term
What formed another branch of the state apparatus?
 Definition
The clergy.
Term
Who carried out widespread conversion of the Indians? How did they do that?
 Definition
Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits. Set up churches in the towns of Indians.
Term
What happened as the pope Christianized the Indians?
 Definition
Missionaries defended the rights of the Indians.
Term
Who was Fray Bernardino de Sahagun?
 Definition
1499-1590 - a Franciscan priest who wrote a biligual encyclopedia of Aztec culture.
Term
Who admired the Mayan culture but desprsed their religion?
 Definition
Diego de Landa, Bishop of Yucatan.
Term
What were used as tools for conversion?
 Definition
The books of the Indian culture.
Term
What was the missionary church of Peru and New Spain replaced by?
 Definition
Instituional structure of parishes and bishoprics.
Term
What influenced the cultural and intellectual life of the colonies?
 Definition
The Catholic church.
Term
What type of books did the printing presses publish?
 Definition
Religious, history, poetry, philosophy, law, and language.
Term
What was intellectual life centered around?
 Definition
Religion.
Term
More than ____ universities flourished in Spanish America.
 Definition
70.
Term
Who was Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz? Who did she welcome?
 Definition
A nun who was an author, poet, musician, and a social thinker. The viceroy.
Term
What were set up at the major capitals to control morality and orthodoxy of the population?
 Definition
The tribunal of the Inquisition set up offices.
Term
Who was prosecuted and executed?
 Definition
Jews, Protestants, and other religions.
Term
the ____ & ____ combined to create an ideological and political framework for the society of Spanish America.
 Definition
Church, state.
Term
When did the first official Portuguese landfall of the S. American coast take place? By who?
 Definition
1500. Pedro Alvares Cabral.
Term
What happened to the Brazilian coast?
 Definition
It was discovered, colonized, and exploited for dyewood trees. Nobles were given strips of land.
Term
What were captaincies?
 Definition
The strips of land on the Brazilian coast given to nobles.
Term
What did the nobles who held captaincies combine?
 Definition
Fuedal powers and a strong desire for commercial development.
Term
What were established in Brazil?
 Definition
Sugar plantations.
Term
What was created at Salvador in 1549?
 Definition
A capital.
Term
What was indigenous resistance broken by?
 Definition
Military action, missionary activity, or epidemic disease.
Term
Where were settlements on the Brazilian coast centered?
 Definition
Port cities - Salvador & Rio de Janeiro.
Term
How many sugar plantations were there in Brazil? What happened in 1630?
 Definition
150 - they doubled.
Term
The plantations were worked by who?
 Definition
African slaves.
Term
By 1600, the Brazilian colony had about ____ inhabitants: ____ Europeans, ____ black slaves, and the rest ____.
 Definition
100,000 , 30,000 , 15,000 , Native Americans or others.
Term
____ held the position as the world's leading ____ ____.
 Definition
Brazil, sugar producer.
Term
How was sugar cane processed?
 Definition
Pressed in mills, juice heated into sugar.
Term
What demanded machinery/labor?
 Definition
Agriculture and industry in the field.
Term
Who did most of the work in the sugar fields?
 Definition
Slaves.
Term
Brazil became the first ____ and a model that was later ____ __ other ____ nations.
 Definition
Great plantation colony, followed by, European.
Term
Brazil's social hierarchy still reflected its ____ & ____ origins.
 Definition
Plantation, slave.
Term
The white planter families became an ____ linked by ____ to resident ____, Portuguese ____ & ____, and they dominated local ____.
 Definition
Aristocracy, marriage, merchants, officials, bureaucrats, institutions.
Term
Why were slaves at the bottom?
 Definition
Their color and status as property.
Term
What was the population composed of?
 Definition
Whites, Indians, and Africans.
Term
Society as a whole reflected the ____ of the ____.
 Definition
Hierarchy, plantation.
Term
What did Portugal create that was like Spain? (Govt system)
 Definition
A bureaucracy.
Term
The governors of each ____ ruled ____ and ____.
 Definition
Captaincies, independently, reported to overseas council.
Term
Which missionary orders were the most important in Brazil?
 Definition
Jesuits.
Term
What supported the construction of schools and churches and missions?
 Definition
The Jesuits' cattle ranches and sugar mills.
Term
Royal officials trained in the ____ formed the ____ of the ____.
 Definition
Law, core, bureaucracy.
Term
The Portuguese included colonies and outposts in ____, ____, and ____.
 Definition
Africa, Asia, Brazil.
Term
When did Brazil become a predominant society?
 Definition
In the 17th century.
Term
Brzail's ties to Portugal were ____ than those between Spanish America and Spain.
 Definition
Stronger.
Term
What didn't Brazil have that America did have?
 Definition
Universities or printing presses.
Term
Intellectual life of Brazil was always what?
 Definition
An extension of Portugal.
Term
Brazilians seeking better ____ and ____ _____ to publish their works always had to turn to the ____ ____.
 Definition
Education, govt offices, mother country.
Term
What was the general economic dependency of Latin America matched by?
 Definition
An intellectual subordination in Brazil.
Term
The American colonies were particularly susceptible to changes in European ____.
 Definition
Politics.
Term
What area did the Habsburg kings rule for 60 years?
 Definition
Portugal.
Term
Who seized a portion of northeastern Brazil? What did they control there?
 Definition
Dutch. Sugar production.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
What happened to the Dutch in Brazil in 1654?
 Definition
They were expelled.
Term
Who established their plantation colonies in the Caribbean and what were they doing?
 Definition
Dutch, English, and French. They produced sugar with slaves.
Term
The competition of sugar producers led to what?
 Definition
Rising price of slaves & falling price for sugar. Brazil entered hard times.
Term
Earch European nation tried to establish ____ w/____ in Caribbean & Brazil, ____ ____ in Africa, and ____ ____ in New England & southern Brazil.
 Definition
Plantations, slave ports, food-producing areas.
Term
What were Paulistas?
 Definition
Hardy backwoodsmen from Sao Paula.
Term
What were Paulistas doing?
 Definition
Exploring the interior of Brazil, capturing indians, and looking for metal.
Term
What did the paulistas' expeditions establish?
 Definition
Portuguese claims of south America and wealth.
Term
What was Minas Gerais? What did this cause in Brazil?
 Definition
"General Mines." Where gold strikes were made in Brazil. Economic boom.
Term
Where did people come from during the gold rush?
 Definition
Portugal.
Term
Who provided labor in the mines?
 Definition
Slaves.
Term
Wild mining camps annd a society coalesced into a network of ____ such as ____ ____.
 Definition
Towns, Ouro Preto.
Term
What was the govt anxious to control? What did they do?
 Definition
The wealth from gold. Heavily taxed the population.
Term
When did gold production reach its height?
 Definition
Between 1735-1760.
Term
What developed in the Minas Gerais?
 Definition
Distinctive societies.
Term
How much did the gold averge per yr? What did this make Brazil?
 Definition
3 tons, leading source of gold.
Term
What did the discovery of gold lead to? (4)
 Definition
Interior settlement, expansion of slavery, disastrous effects on the society, disruption of agriculture.
Term
What two products continued to be important?
 Definition
Sugar & tobacco.
Term
What was Rio de Janeiro? How did it grow? What did it become?
 Definition
The port closest to the mines. Its importance and size. The capital of the colony.
Term
What was the local wealth used for in the Minas Gerais?
 Definition
Sponsoring building of churches, artists, architects, and composers.
Term
What were the mines largely populated by?
 Definition
Slaves and free persons of color.
Term
Gold allowed Portugal to continue ____ ____ that were ____.
 Definition
Economic policies, detrimental.
Term
Why did Portugal buy manufactured goods for itself?
 Definition
The mother country lacked them.
Term
Brazilian gold flowed from ____ to ____ to pay for ____ ____ and compensate for ____ ____.
 Definition
Portugal, England, manufactured goods, trade imbalance.
Term
After ____ gold began to dwindle.
 Definition
1760.
Term
Portugal had become an ____ ____ of ____.
 Definition
Economic dependency, England.
Term
What were the 3 major racial groups? How were they brought together?: The Europeans were ____ & ____ ____, the Indians were ____ peoples, and the Africans were ____.
 Definition
Indians, Europeans, and Africans. Conquerors, voluntary immigrants, conquered, slaves.
Term
What did the relationships of the hierarchy represent?
 Definition
The relationships of power and the colonial condition.
Term
Aspects of preconquest social organization were ____ in ____ b/c they served the ends of Spanish ____.
 Definition
Maintained, Mexico, govt.
Term
There was a separation between the "____ __ __ ____" into the ____ & the "____ __ __ ____."
 Definition
Republic of the Spaniards, non-Indians, republic of Indians.
Term
The "____ __ __ ____" formed the base on which all ____ rested.
 Definition
Republic of the Indians, society.
Term
Indians paid ____.
 Definition
tribute.
Term
Spanish conquest involved the ____ ____ of women and occasional ____ from the female ____.
 Definition
Sexual exploitation, alliances, servants.
Term
What types of marriages were common? (3)
 Definition
W/indigenous women, mixed ones, informal unions.
Term
What were the mestizos?
 Definition
The MIXED population that grew b/c of marriage.
Term
Whose status was higher than Indians' aside from the suspicion of illegitimacy?
 Definition
The mixed marriages AKA mestizos.
Term
Mestizos were more ____ than Indians, were able to ____ in two ____, became members of an ____ category, not accepted as ____ to ____, expected to live according to the ____ of society.
 Definition
Acculturated, work, worlds, intermediate, equals, Spaniards, standards.
Term
Where did similar processes of mestizos begin to happen? What was their process? What did they do to women? What did they do to the children? What was the result?
 Definition
Brazil and the Caribbean coasts. Importing slaves. Tey exploited women or took them as mistresses. They freed the children. Large mixed population.
Term
European categories of ____, ____, & ____ continued, as did ____ based on ____ & ____.
 Definition
Noble, priest, commoner, hierarchies, wealth, occupation.
Term
American realities created new distinctions in which what played a crucial role? What was this?
 Definition
Race and birth place - sociedad de castas.
Term
How was the sociedad de castas organized? What did they accompany?
 Definition
Europeans & whites on top, blacks & Indians on bottom, and other mixes in between. The cultural fusion in the formation of Latin America.
Term
What were two of the possible combos. of mixed races?
 Definition
Mestizos and mulattos.
Term
What developed to classify races?
 Definition
A genre of painting.
Term
Together, people of mixed origins were called ____. They tended to be ____ & ____. They made up __-__% by 1750.
 Definition
Castas. Shopkeepers & small farmers. 35, 40.
Term
Free people of color in Brazil made up __% of population which was equal to that of the ____. Blacks made up __ of Brazil.
 Definition
28, Whites, 2/3.
Term
____ were placed on mestizos, but they couldn't be ____.
 Definition
Restrictions, immobilized.
Term
____ were only one criterion of rank and status, but ____ & ____ still mattered. They created ____ hierarchy.
 Definition
Characteristis, race, color, pseudoracial.
Term
____ or ____ status was a great ____ advantage.
 Definition
White, European, social.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
Most wealthy people were ____.
 Definition
White.
Term
What were peninsulares?
 Definition
Those actually born in Spain.
Term
What were Creoleas? What did they think of themselves of? To Europeans, their status was ____.
 Definition
Those born in the New World. Loyal American Spaniards. Suspect.
Term
Creoles dominated ____ ____, held sway over large numbers of people at their ____ & ____, and stood at the ___ of society. They were ____ to the peninsulares.
 Definition
Local economies, haciendas, mines, top, second.
Term
Who gained pride? What did this lead to?
 Definition
The Creoles. Movements for indepedence in Latin America.
Term
How old were children when their father had control over them?
 Definition
Up to 25.
Term
How were women treated? (6) What about low class women? (3)
 Definition
Couldn't participate in govt., had to take up mother and housekeeping activities, were under control of husbands, arranged marriages w/dowries, had full rights to inheritance, placed in convents if not married @ young age. They were allowed to control trade in small towns, work in fields, and labor at looms.
Term
What were amigoes del pais?
 Definition
Smal clubs/associations in Spain & its colonies who met to discuss reforms.
Term
The programs of amigos del pais were for ____ benefits, not ____ changes.
 Definition
Material, political.
Term
What was happening in Spain and Portugal & their colonies in the 18th century?
 Definition
There was new interest in intellectual ideas, economics, and reforms.
Term
Why was Spain weak? (8)
 Definition
Its hold on the Indies was at stake, it was threatened by France & mercantile of England & Holland, its colonial system had become outmoded, internal revolts, declining pop., debt, wars, rivals to Catholic Spain.
Term
What had French, Dutch, and English ships combined in the Spanish empire? Who became targets?
 Definition
Trade and raiding - sparesely populated islands and the Caribbean coast.
Term
Who Caribbean raided ports? Who took Jamaica? Who took Hispaniola (Haiti)? Who took the other islands?
 Definition
Buccneers. England. France. England, France, & Holland.
Term
Many of the islands that were raided turned to ____ ____ and ____ & ____ colonies like those in ____. What were these settlements a part of?
 Definition
Sugar production, slave, plantation, Brazil. Colonization.
Term
What was failing of the Spanish?
 Definition
Mercantile and political systems.
Term
Annual fleets became ____. Silver from America ____. Goods shipped to the West Indies were ____. The colonies became extremely ____, ____ ___ became weaker, local ____ got more control over the ____ & ____.
 Definition
Irregular, declined, non-Spanish, self-sufficient, central govt., aristocrats, economy, govt.
Term
____ was rampant in the govt.
 Definition
Corruption.
Term
As the empire ____, Spain was still able to retain its ____ ____ for another ____.
 Definition
Crumbled, American possessions, century.
Term
The West Indies remained to be a ____ prize by other ____. They were gained when ____ died without an ____. Many people ____ the Spanish throne and its American colonies.
 Definition
Coveted, powers. Charles II, heir. Wanted.
Term
Who was named the successor of Charles II? Who was he a relative of?
 Definition
Philip Anjou - the king of France.
Term
What ensued after Philip Anjou came to the throne?
 Definition
The War of the Spanish Succession.
Term
What was the result of the Spanish War? It was ____ of a branch of the ____ family as ____ of Spain.
 Definition
The Treaty of Utrecht. Recognition, Bourbon, rulers.
Term
____ ____ were allowed to operate in Seville and England was allowed to ____ ____ in Spanish America. This meant that Spain's trade was being broken by ____ means.
 Definition
French merchants, trade slaves. Legal.
Term
What did the Bourbon dynasty launch; what were they aimed at?
 Definition
Reforms - economy & state strength.
Term
Who was Charles III?
 Definition
A Spanish Bourbon monarch.
Term
What did Spanish Bourbon monarchs moved by?
 Definition
Economic nationalism & strong govt. for reforms.
Term
What was the rulers' aim? (4)
 Definition
To revive Spain, make govt more effective, powerful, and better able to control economy.
Term
Who was a prime target from the rulers? What happened to them?
 Definition
Jesuit order, missions, and wealth. They were expelled from Spain & Portugal.
Term
____ models were introduced, ____ was tightened, the ____ was reformed, ship were ____, convoy system was ____, ____ new ports opened.
 Definition
French bureaucratic, taxing, navy, built, abandoned, 1778.
Term
New viceroyalties were created in ____ ____ & the ____ __ __ ____. Why?
 Definition
New Granada, Rio de la Plata. To provide better admin. & defense to pops.
Term
Who was Jose de Galvez?
 Definition
One of the private investigators sent to the Indies. He spend 6 yrs in Mexico before returning to beciome Minister of the Indies and an architect of reform.
Term
Who did Galvez work to do? (2)
 Definition
Creoles from upper bureaucracies, created new offices.
Term
What were corregidores? Where were they removed from? Who were they replaced by? What did this improve and disrupt?
 Definition
Local magistrates. Indian villages. Provincial governors. Improved - Tax collectio, effectiveness of govt. Disrupted - influence of power.
Term
What were the reforms linked directly to?
 Definition
Defense and military matters.
Term
Who was Spain allied with? Who was England Struggling with? What was made a target for English attack?
 Definition
France, France, Spanish American possessions.
Term
What shocked Spain into action?
 Definition
The loss of FL and the English seizure of the Havana after the 7 yrs war.
Term
____ were sent into New Spain & ____ was formed in the empire.
 Definition
Troops, militia groups.
Term
____ were developed & ____ were settled by ____ & ____ ____.
 Definition
Frontiers, regions, missions, frontier outposts.
Term
In the Rio de la Plata, who were risisted and how?
 Definition
Foreign competitors by military means.
Term
Who took an active role in the economy during the Bourbon reforms? How? (2)
 Definition
Govt. State monopolies, development.
Term
The commerce of ___ expanded. ____ became a ____ & ____ colony. The trade, economy, & pop. of ___ ___ was increasing.
 Definition
Caribbean. Cuba, plantation, slave. Buenos Aires.
Term
As Spanish & English goods became ____ and more ____, they ____ locally produced ____. Some regions could not ____. Links to international ____ tightened as Latin America's economy ____.
 Definition
Cheaper, accessible, undercut, goods. Compete. Trade, decreased.
Term
Why were experts sent to Peru and New Spain? What did it allow? Who did Mexico outstrip in silver production?
 Definition
To suggest reform techniques. Expanded production. Peru.
Term
Which two vantage points must the Bourbon reforms be seen from? What revived spanish empire? (2) What contributed to dissatisfaction w/elite? (3)
 Definition
Spain and America. Govt. & economy. Removal of Creole, militia, trade.
Term
What was the Marquis of Pombal?
 Definition
Portugal's prime minister, parallel to Bourbon reforms.
Term
Pombal had lived as ____ in England. He hoped to use ____ in the economy. He wanted to break England's hold on ____ economy (especially on ____). He suppressed anyone who ____ him. He didn't like the ____.
 Definition
Ambassador, mercantilism. Portuguese, gold. Opposed, Jesuits.
Term
Where was the center of Pombal's reforms? What were the reforms? (3)
 Definition
Brazil. Eliminating contraband, gold smuggling, & tax evasion.
Term
Why were monopoly companies formed & what were they allowed to do? What news things were introduced? Where did new regions begin to flourish? Which area received new attention? What was created to develop its economy & what did it stimulate?
 Definition
Stimulate agriculture - import a lot of slaves. New crops. Brazil. Amazonian area. Monopoly company - dev. of cotton plantations & export of cacao.
Term
Who abolished slavery? Where? Why? Who did he remove from missionary control? Where did he send immigrant couples? What did Brazil start to produce? Why did he revitalize colonies? What is Brazil using much more?
 Definition
Pombal - Portugal. Wanted a steady supply for Brazil. Indians - encouraged whites to marry them. Send them to Amazonian area & s. Brazil. Cattle & wheat. To strengthen mother country. Slavery.
Term
Pombal's policies were not fully ____. He reduced Portugal's ____ ____ w/England, but ____ trade suffered b/c there was a ____ ____ for its ____.
 Definition
Effective. Trade imbalance, Brazilian, small need, goods.
Term
____'s economy was so tied to the ____ of its ____ & so ____ by ____ that its action was ____.
 Definition
America, sale, products, controlled, policies, limited.
Term
Pombal's policies provided the structure for an ____ ____ that set the stage for Brazilian ____.
 Definition
Economic boom, independence.
Term
Who was experiencing rapid pop. growth and productive capacity?
 Definition
American colonies.
Term
Population increase resulted from ___, ____, ___, & ___.
 Definition
Fertility, increased immigration, declining immortality, increasing slave trade.
Term
What accompanied the new pop. growth?
 Definition
Opening of new ares to dev. and European demand for American products.
Term
____, tighter ___, and a more activist ___ disrupted old patterns.
 Definition
Reforms, taxes, govt.
Term
___, tax ___, & ___ were common.
 Definition
Riots, revolts, uprisings.
Term
People complaining about ___ ____'s control of ____ and ____ consumption, ____ prices/taxes led to ____ ____.
 Definition
New Granada, tobacco, liquor, high, Comunero Revolt.
Term
Comunero Revolt - who was defeated? Who fled from where? Who almost took the capital?
 Definition
Royal army. Voceroy from Bogota. Rebel army.
Term
What brought Comunero Revolts to an end?
 Definition
Tensions of racial groups and concessions by the govt.
Term
What happened in Peru with revolts? Who was leading it and what happened to him? Why did it fail?
 Definition
An Indian uprising against bad govt. Tupac Amaru - captured and killed. B/c of the Creoles ended it.
Term
The social rebellions weren't present where? Who were they plotting against? For what?
 Definition
Brazil. Portugal for independence.
Term
The movements indicated that ____ by govts. increased ____ in the American ____. The new prosperity contributed to a sense of ___ & ____ ____ in certain ____.
 Definition
Activism, dissatisfaction, colonies. Confidence, economic interest, classes.
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