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APUSH UNIT 7
The Rise of Industry and the Closing of the West, 1865-1900
143
History
11th Grade
01/12/2009

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Term
Jim Crow laws
Definition
systematic state-level legal codes of segregation.
Term
Plessy v. Ferguson
Definition
Ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under 14th amendment. Legalized segregation
Term
Chinese Exclusion Act
Definition
Prohibited the immigration of Chinese from 1882 until 1043
Term
James Garfield
Definition
Election of 1880, Republican candidate. Term was short and full of conflict within Republican party. Shot by Guiteau
Term
Charles Guiteau
Definition
Shot Garfield after taking to offense Garfield's dismantling of Conkling
Term
Chester Arthur
Definition
Vice President with Garfield. Won under the spoils system, but after taking over presidency, fought against fraud, the spoils system, and Stalwarts.
Term
Pendleton Act
Definition
Dubbed the "Magna Carta of civil-service reform." If made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal. Established Civil Service Commission which made appointments to federal positions on account of examinations.
Term
Mugwumps
Definition
Republicans who joined the Democratic party in disappointment of the nomination of corrupt James Blaine.
Term
Thomas B. Reed
Definition
He took control of the House of Reps, and dominated the Democrats
Term
McKinley Tariff Act
Definition
Boosted tariffs to highest peactime level ever
Term
Populists
Definition
Rooted in the Farmers Alliance. They demanded inflation,a graduated income tax, government ownership of rr, telegraph,and telephone. Direct election of senators, one-term presidencies,shorter workday, and immigration restrictions.
Term
Homestead Steel Strike
Definition
A large strike took place and it took a large army to stop the strike. Both the strike and union was broken apart.
Term
Depression of 1893
Definition
It arose at the beginning of Clevelands presidency. Lasting for 4 years, it was caused by overbuilding and speculation, labor disorders, and agricultural depression.
Term
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
Definition
The Democrats pledged lower tariffs, but the Wilson-Gorman Tariff barely lowered the tariffs.
Term
Pacific Railroad Act
Definition
An act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes passed by Lincoln.
Term
Union Pacific Railroad
Definition
Commissioned during the Civil War in order to tied the west to the Union. It stretched west from Omaha, Nebraska
Term
Central Pacific Railroad
Definition
The West end of the transcontinental railroad. Funded by the Big Four. It started from Sacramento and went East
Term
The Wedding of the rails
Definition
At Ogden Utah, 1869. The First Transcontinental Railroad completed.
Term
The Big Four
Definition
Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Charles Crocker. Funded the Central Pacific Railroad. Employed Chinese
Term
James J. Hill
Definition
Created the Great Northern Railroad. He focused on the bettering of the area around his railroad.
Term
The Great Northern
Definition
Created by Hill. Prospered greatly under the smart enterprising of Hill.
Term
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Definition
Facilitated in the welding of eastern railways to help the success of the western lines. Helped campaign for the use of steel rails
Term
Time Zones
Definition
Railroads brought the creation of time zones, to set firm schedules, now that trains could travel so fast.
Term
Stock Watering
Definition
Railroad stock promoters inflated their claims on the assets of the railroad - far more than the railroad was actually worth.
Term
Jay Gould
Definition
He made millions off the railroad stocks of the Erie,the Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific.
Term
"Pool"
Definition
An agreement between railroad owners to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.
Term
Wabash case (Wabash v. Illinois)
Definition
Ruled that states had no right to rule over interstate commerce.
Term
Interstate Commerce Act
Definition
Prohibited rebates and pools and require railroads to publish their rates openly. Forbade unfair discrimination, and outlawed chargin more for a short haul than a long one. Set up the ICC
Term
Interstate Commerce Commission
Definition
Set up by the Interstate Commerce Commission. It was created to administer and enforce the new legislation created under the Interstate Commerce Act. VERY INEFFECTIVE
Term
Alexander Graham Bell
Definition
Invented the telephone. Brought women into the workforce.
Term
Thomas Edison
Definition
Created the phonograph, the mimeograph, the dictaphone, the moving picture, and the light bulb.
Term
Andrew Carnegie
Definition
Owned a monopoly on Iron products. Vertical integration
Term
Vertical Integration
Definition
Combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing.
Term
Bessemer process
Definition
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. Revolutionized the steel industry.
Term
John D. Rockefeller
Definition
Owner of Standard Oil Company. He used the "trust" system to gain a monopoly on oil.
Term
Horizontal Integration
Definition
Allying with competitors to monopolize a given market.
Term
Standard Oil
Definition
Formed with other oil coportations under the "trust" and wiped out all other competing oil companies.
Term
"Trust"
Definition
Any large scale business combination.
Term
J. Pierpont Morgan
Definition
Carnegie sold his company to Morgan who watered the stocks, creating the first billion-dollar corporation.
Term
U.S. Steel
Definition
Sold to Morgan by Carnegie. Became first billion-dollar corporation.
Term
Gustavus F. Swift
Definition
Owner of the meat industry trust.
Term
Philip Armour
Definition
Owner of the meat industry trust.
Term
Gospel of Wealth
Definition
It was the idea that the wealthy, entrusted with society's riches had to prove themselves morally responsible.
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
The idea that millionaires were the product of natural selection.
Term
William Graham Sumner
Definition
Professor are Yale. He supported the idea of social Darwinism.
Term
Sherman Antitrust Act
Definition
It forbade combinations in restraint of trade without any distinctions between "good" and "bad" trusts. Actually hurt the labor unions while the major corporations were unscathed.
Term
James Buchanan Duke and the American Tobacco Company
Definition
Technology allowed Duke to own a tobacco trust in the South.
Term
Henry W. Grady and the New South
Definition
Encouraged the rural South to industrialize and "beat the North at its own game"
Term
Southern textile mills
Definition
The south began manufacturing cotton by erecting cotton mills. They gained some industrial leverage, as they "brought the mills to the south"
Term
Gibson girl
Definition
The rapid industrialization brought women into the workforce. The Gibsom girl was the idea that women could become free and independent.
Term
Lockout
Definition
The practice of an employer locking out rebellious workers until starved, they submitted to the employers whims.
Term
Yellow-dog contracts
Definition
The practice of employers forcing their workers to sign an agreement not to join labor unions, with the threat of being "blacklisted"
Term
National Labor Union
Definition
Attracted 600,000 members. Won the case for an 8 hour workday.
Term
Knights of Labor
Definition
Welcomed all producing workers to join in a campaign for workers rights. The fought for economic and social reform.
Term
Mother Jones
Definition
A prominent American labor and community organizer, a Wobbly, and a Socialist.
Term
Terence Powderly
Definition
The leader of the Knight of Labor.
Term
Haymarket Square bombing
Definition
A Labor strike was interuppted by a bomb thrown by an anarchist which killed both strikers and police. This incident was associated with the Knights of Labor, bringing their downfall.
Term
Gov. John Altgeld
Definition
Pardoned 2 people in the Haymarket bombing case. He was attacked for his actions.
Term
Samuel Gompers
Definition
Formed the American Federation of Labor
Term
The American Federation of Labor
Definition
Skilled laborers in unions joined together to fight for better hours, wages, and working conditions.
Term
Railroad Strike of 1877
Definition
Strike put down by local and state militia and federal troops; response to the cutting of wages of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. First time military was used against strikers.
Term
Labor Day
Definition
A sign that workers were beginning to gain ground.
Term
Louis Sullivan
Definition
Contributed to the development of the skyscraper
Term
Theodore Drier's Sister Carrie
Definition
Tells of a girl who escapes the rural lifestyle to go live in the city.
Term
Boss Tweed
Definition
an American politician most famous for his leadership of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie Railway, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel.
Term
Walter Rauschenbusch
Definition
Pastor of German Baptist Church in NY. Promoted social gospel.
Term
Social Gospel
Definition
The movement of churches to tackle the social issues of modern day.
Term
Jane Addams
Definition
Established the Hull House. The first of many American Settlement houses. Condemned war and poverty, won Nobel Peace Prize.
Term
Florence Kelley
Definition
"a guerrilla warrior in an urban jungle." She fought for welfare of women, children blacks and consumers.
Term
Nativism
Definition
Antiforeignism. Americans were afraid immigrants would soon overrun America
Term
American Protective Association
Definition
Group of Nativists. They urged people not to vote for Roman Catholics.
Term
Dwight Lyman Moody
Definition
Preached a gospel of kindness and forgiveness.
Term
Mary Baker Eddy
Definition
Founded the Church of Christ, Scientist. Preached that true practice of Christianity heals sickness.
Term
Normal Schools
Definition
Schools that taught teachers.
Term
Chautauqua movement
Definition
Brought education to the adult population
Term
Booker T. Washington
Definition
Taught Blacks useful trades to gain self respect. Rallied for the improvement of economic and educational resources for the blacks.
Term
W.E.B. Du Bois
Definition
First black to graduate with PHD. He formed the NAACP and demanded complete social and economic equality for blacks.
Term
NAACP
Definition
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Founded by Du Bois.
Term
Morrill Act
Definition
Passed after the succession of the South. It provided a generous grant of the public lands to states for support of public education. Rise of Land Grant colleges which also provided military training.
Term
Hatch Act
Definition
Extension of Morrill Act. It provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.
Term
William James
Definition
Served at Harvard. He made major contributions to the field of psychology.
Term
Carnegie libraries
Definition
Carnegie contributed 60 million dollars for the construction of public libraries.
Term
Joseph Pulitzer
Definition
A pioneer of sensationalism who established the New York World.
Term
Yellow journalism
Definition
Sensationalism. Given the name by the Yellow Kid in Pulitzer's paper.
Term
William Randolph Hearst
Definition
Competed with Pulitzer. He built up a powerful chain of newspapers, beginning with the San Francisco Examiner.
Term
Henry George, Progress and Poverty
Definition
A journalist author who believed that progress and poverty were linked. Believed 100% tax on landowner properties would eliminate inequalities.
Term
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward
Definition
Socialist journalistic author who condemned trusts and major private corporations.
Term
General Lewis Wallace, Ben Hur
Definition
Sought to fight the prevailing wave of Darwinian skepticism. The "Uncle Tom's Cabin of anti-Darwinist."
Term
Horatio Alger
Definition
He wrote many novels all giving the message that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success,wealth and honor.
Term
Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass
Definition
Poet. He wrote some intense poems.
Term
Emily Dickinson
Definition
A poet who wrote over a thousand short lyrics.
Term
Mark Twain
Definition
An acclaimed author who wrote amny famous novels and satires. Fought social injustice.
Term
William Dean Howell
Definition
Editor in chief of Atlantic Monthly. Wrote about ordinary people and about contemporary and sometimes controversial social themes.
Term
Stephen Crane, Red Badge of Courage
Definition
Wrote about the seamy underside life of urban America.
Term
Henry James
Definition
Turned from law to literature. He wrote about women and became a pioneer of psychological realism.
Term
Jack London
Definition
Wrote about nature and had a book about a fascist revolution
Term
Francis Norris
Definition
Wrote about the railroad and corrupt politicians.
Term
Victoria Woodhull
Definition
Wrote of her belief in free love. First women to run for presidency.
Term
Ida B. Wells
Definition
She launched a nationwide anti lynching crusade. She also launched the clack women's club movement which eventually became the Nation Association of Colored Women.
Term
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Definition
Had a white ribbon for purity. Fought against alcohol.
Term
Frances Willard
Definition
Founded the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Also championed the concept of planned parenting.
Term
Carrie A. Nation
Definition
She smashed bars and bottles. She actually weakened the temperance movement.
Term
Clara Barton
Definition
Founded the American Red Cross.
Term
James Whistler
Definition
Did most of his work in England.
Term
John Singer Sargeant
Definition
Exiled himself to England. He drew flattering, but superficial likenesses of the British nobility.
Term
Thomas Eakins
Definition
Attained a high degree of realism in his paintings.
Term
Winslow Homer
Definition
He revealed rugged realism through his works.
Term
Phineas T. Barnum
Definition
Formed the Barnum and Bailey circus
Term
James Naismith
Definition
Invented basketball
Term
Anthony Comstock
Definition
Fought immorality. The Comstock Law named after him.
Term
Indian Territory
Definition
One of the four territories of the Great West. Later became Oklahoma.
Term
Sand Creek Massacre
Definition
Colonel Chivington's mitlita massacred 400 Indians who thought that they had been promised immunity.
Term
Custer's Last Stand
Definition
Custer set out to force the Indians back into their reservation. He underestimated an Indian force, and was completely wiped out.
Term
Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce
Definition
He led the Nez Perce on a trek in hopes to escape to Canada. He was stopped and sent to a reservation on Kansas. Half the Nez Perce died on this trek.
Term
Geronimo and the Apache
Definition
The Apache were pursued to Mexico. They surrendered after the Apache women were exiled to Florida. They ultimately became successful farmers in Oklahoma.
Term
Helen Hunt Jackson
Definition
She wrote on behalf of the Indians. Her books chronicled the sorry record of government's ruthless dealing Indians.
Term
Battle of Wounded Knee
Definition
The government ordered the army to destroy the "Ghost Dance" cult. An action to try to force Indians "to walk the white man's road."
Term
Dawes Severalty Act
Definition
It dissolved many tribes as legal entities and wiped out tribal ownership of land and set up family heads with 160 free acres. Gave Indians citizenship and land if they became "American"
Term
Carlisle Indian School
Definition
It taught Indian children who were separated from their parents English, American customs, and values.
Term
Comstock Lode
Definition
Found in Nebraska. A large amount of gold and silver, worth more than 340 million dollars.
Term
Long Drives
Definition
Cowboys drove thousands of cattle to a railroad terminal to sell.
Term
Homestead Act
Definition
It allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a fee of $30
Term
Sodbusters
Definition
People that sought land and opportunity on the plains. Called sodbusters because of their dependence on sod.
Term
100th meridian
Definition
Beyond the 100th meridian, barely any rain fell.
Term
John Wesley Powell
Definition
An explorer of Grand Canyon and director of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Term
Joseph F. Glidden
Definition
Invented barbed wire helped build fences on treeless plains
Term
Oklahoma Sooners
Definition
Claim jumpers who eagerly claimed land in Oklahoma before it was available to them
Term
Frederick Jackson Turner
Definition
Wrote about the closing of the frontier and its significance.
Term
National Grange
Definition
0
Term
Greenback Labor Party
Definition
Term
Farmer's Alliance
Definition
Term
People's Party
Definition
Term
Coin's Financial School
Definition
Term
James B. Weaver
Definition
Term
Panic of 1893
Definition
Term
Coxey's Army
Definition
Term
J.P. Morgan
Definition
Term
Pullman Strike
Definition
Term
Eugene V. Debs
Definition
Term
Governer John Altgeld
Definition
Term
Richard Olney
Definition
Term
William Jennings Bryan
Definition
Term
Cross of Gold Speech
Definition
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