1. The principal motivation for drafting the Bill of Rights was the desire to

a. Test the new process of amendment described in the Constitution

b. Protect the rights not specified in the Constitution

c. Strengthen the power of the federal government

d. Restore to the states the powers they had enjoyed under the Articles of Confederation

e. Clarify the federal relationship among the states

2. President Washington's Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 was issued in response to

a. Spanish expansion in the Southeast

b. Dutch economic activity in the mid-Atlantic states

c. Canadian alliance with northern American Indians

d. French diplomatic overtures to invoke the Franco-American Alliance

e. English boycotts of selected American manufacturers

3. As originally ratified, the United States Constitution provided for

a. Political parties

b. A presidential cabinet

c. The direct election of senators

d. An electoral college

e. A two-term presidential limit

4. The financial programs of Alexander Hamilton included all of the following EXCEPT

a. Funding of the national debt

b. Nullification of all private debts to the states

c. Imposition of a tax on distilled liquor

d. Establishment of the Bank of the United States

e. Assumption of all state debts

5. The greatest achievements of the government under the Article of Confederation was its establishment of

a. A bicameral legislature

b. A system for orderly settlement of the West

c. General postwar prosperity

d. Long term section harmony

e. A termination date for the international slave trade

6. Which of the following was true of the Continental Congress in its drafting of the Articles of Confederation?

a. It was cautious about giving new government powers it had just denied Parliament

b. It gave the national court system the power to review both national and state law

d. It gave Congress control of interstate commerce

e. It rejected the arguments of men like Samuel Adams and Richard Henry Lee who feared strong governments

7. Which of the following most appropriately characterizes the violence exhibited in such episodes as Bacon's rebellion, the Boston Tea Party, Shay's Rebellion and the Whisky Rebellion?

a. Most violence occurred in urban areas

b. Most violence produced no deaths

c. The level of violence subsided after American Revolution

d. Violence was directed at "outsiders" or representatives of distant authority

e. Most violence occurred because of the intervention of foreign powers in American internal affairs

8. Which of the following most accurately describes the attitude of the Founding Fathers toward political parties?

a. Parties are vehicles of ambition and selfish interest that threaten the existence of republican government

b. Parties are engines of democracy that provide citizens with a voice in government

c. Parties are necessary evils in any republic

d. In a large republic, parties are the best means of creating effective coalitions of interest groups

e. A two-party system is essential to a stable republic

9. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions took the position that

a. Only the United States Supreme Court had the power to restrict freedom of speech and press

b. The authority of state governments included the power to decide whether or not an act of Congress was constitutional

c. Only fiscal measures initiated by state legislatures could be acted on by Congress

d. Congress was responsible for maintaining the vitality of a "loyal opposition"

e. The "supremacy clause" of the Constitution applied only to foreign

10. To make the new government viable, the first Congress of the United States did all of the following EXCEPT

a. Organize a federal court system under the Supreme Court

b. Draft a bill of rights and send it to all the states for ratification

c. Pass a tariff for the purpose of raising revenue

d. Grant subsidies to encourage industrial development

e. Establish the State Department

11. In 1787 - 1789, which of the following groups was most likely to oppose ratification of the Constitution?

a. Farmers in isolated areas

b. Exports merchants

c. Former officers in the Continental Army

d. Southern planters

e. Urban artisans

12. A major weakness of Articles of Confederation was that they

a. Created a too-powerful chief executive

b. Did not include a mechanism for their own amendment

c. Made it too difficult for the government to raise money through taxes and duties

d. Denied the federal government the power to mediate disputes between states

e. Required the ratification of only a simple majority of states

13. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a single achievement because it

a. Laid claim to all of the North America east of the Mississippi River

b. Represented one of the rare successes of diplomacy

c. Defined the process by which territories could become states

d. Opened all territories west of the states to slavery

e. Was the only piece of legislation to pass through Congress under the Articles of Confederation

14. The debate over the First Bank of the United States was significant because it raised the issue of

a. Whether they new government should issue paper currency

b. How strictly the Constitution should be interpreted

c. Whether the United States should pay back its war debt

d. How to finance the construction of the railroads

e. Whether the president had the power to act unilaterally on important economic issues

15. The doctrine of nullification stated that

a. Legal immigrants may be deported when they fall into a state of destitution

b. Congress may override an executive order with a two-thirds majority vote

c. The government may take control of a bank if its cash reserves fall below a certain percentage of its total deposits

d. Municipal and county governments may rescind license granted by the state.

e. A state may repeal any federal law that it deems unconstitutional

16. The addition of the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution resulted in

a. Primogeniture rights for women

b. Universal suffrage regardless of race

c. The War Powers Act

d. The right to bear arms for all citizens

e. The expansion of federal powers at the expense of state powers

17. The inclusion of the clause that separates church and state in the United States Constitution led to all of the following EXCEPT

a. Freedom to practice many religions

b. The removal of the term "God" from all public documents

c. A legal tolerance for different religions

d. A predominantly secular government

e. Legal arguments against school prayer

18. George Washington's administration passed which of the following as a direct result of the European war of 1793?

a. The Neutrality Proclamation

b. The War Powers Act

c. The Alien and Sedition Acts

d. The Pickney Treaty

e. The Treaty of Paris

19. The most important outcome of the Revolution for white women was that they

a. Permanently gained the right to vote

b. Were allowed to serve in the national legislature

c. Were elevated as special keepers of the nation's conscience

d. Finally gained fully equal status with white males

e. Were given the right to vote in some states

20. The Republican response to the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts included

a. South Carolina's nullification of the acts

b. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

c. The Hartford Convention

d. The Ostend Manifesto

e. The Mulligan Letters

21. The Hartford Convention was a manifestation of

a. New England Federalist opposition to the War of 1812

b. New England's desire to end United States trade with Great Britain

c. Northern gratitude to General Jackson for his victory at New Orleans

d. The war hawks' impatience with President Madison's conduct of foreign policy

e. Western resentment against British-backed American Indian attacks

22. The Second Great Awakening of the eighteenth century led to

a. Growth of religious conformity

b. The establishments of religious colleges

c. The growth of hysteria over witchcraft

d. An endorsement of the values of the upper class

e. Increase in the temperance and anti-slavery reform movements

23. In Marbury v. Madison, the United States Supreme Court affirmed

a. Its right to determine the constitutionality of state court decision

b. Its right to determine the constitutionality of states laws

c. Its right to determine the constitutionality of congressional enactments

d. The broad scope of the federal government's commerce power

e. Listening carefully to and heeding the advice of lawyers arguing cases

24. Of the following, which was the principal issue of which the United States sought settlement with Great Britain at the onset of the War of 1812?

a. A guarantee of New England fishing rights off Newfoundland

b. Free navigation of the Mississippi River

c. Cancellation of pre-Revolutionary debts

d. Access to trade with the British West Indies

e. An end to impressment

25. A major reason why Thomas Jefferson was interested in purchasing Louisiana from France was that he

a. Wanted to establish a precedent for the expansion of presidential authority

b. Wanted an area beyond the Mississippi River to which eastern Native Americans could be removed

c. Had learned from Lewis and Clark of the untapped mineral resources in western areas

d. Hoped to cement a Franco-American alliance against the British

e. Hoped to preserve an agricultural society by making abundant lands available to future generations

26. The election of 1800 has been referred to as constituting "another revolution" because

a. The House of Representatives decided the election

b. A Supreme Court decision was required to dislodge the Federalists

c. Voter turnout increased dramatically

d. The party in power stepped down after losing the election

e. Force was required to get John Adams to leave the White House

27. The Missouri Compromise provided that Missouri be admitted as a slave state, Maine be admitted as a free state, and

a. All of the Louisiana territory north of the northern boundary of Missouri be closed to slavery

b. All of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30' be closed to slavery

c. The entire Louisiana territory be open to slavery

d. The lands south of 36°30'be guaranteed to slavery and the lands north of it negotiable

e. All of the Louisiana territory north of the southern boundary Missouri be closed to slavery for 30 years

28. All of the following contributed to the coming of the War of 1812 EXCEPT

a. The Chesapeake-Leopold

b. British impressment

c. Western American concerns about Indian raids

d. The Congressional "War Hawks" desire to annex Canada

e. The armed confrontation between U.S. and British forces along the Maine-Canada border

29. The Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States

a. Was not concerned with the type of government other countries might have

b. Was concerned only with the type of government that the countries might have

c. Would not tolerate any new European colonization in the New World

d. Claimed the Western Hemisphere as its exclusive zone of influence

e. Was prepared to drive out by force any European power that did not give up its colonies in the Western Hemisphere

30. The Louisiana Purchase resulted primarily from

a. Efforts to prevent Spain from closing off westward expansion by the United States

b. Glowing reports by Lewis and Clark of the vast beauty and potential of the region as reported by Lewis and Clark on their return from their famous exploration of the region

c. American efforts to prevent war with France over control of the Louisiana Territory and secure American commerce

d. Federalist desires to establish a strong confederation of antislavery states west of the Mississippi River and further limit the power of Southern Republicans

e. Republican desires to further dilute the Federalist power base in New England by expanding the country and reducing Federalist influence

31. The War of 1812 had all of the following effects EXCEPT

a. It strengthened American industrial and manufacturing production

b. It virtually destroyed the Federalist party as a credible opposition to the Republican party

c. It restored a sense of pride in most Americans and led to a wave of nationalism throughout the country after the conclusion of the war

d. It destroyed the power of the Indian tribes in the Northwest territory

e. It led to an increase and more active American role in world politics

32. The Treaty of Ghent signaled the end of the

a. Revolutionary War

b. Nullification Crisis

c. War of 1812

d. Barbary War

e. Orders of Council

33. The legal precedent for judicial review was established when

a. The House of Representative impeached Justice Samuel Chase

b. The Supreme Court declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

c. Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801

d. President Adams appointed several "midnight judges" to the federal court

e. Both the Supreme Court and the president could rule a law unconstitutional

34. For its continued success, Hamilton's financial program relied heavily on

a. Trade with Britain

b. Removal of the Spanish from the Mississippi Valley

c. Aid from France

d. Retiring the national debt

e. Excise taxes on Southern cotton

35. The Founding Fathers failed to eliminate slavery because

a. They did not truly believe in democracy

b. A fight over slavery might destroy national unity

c. They were more concerned with securing equality for women

d. The North began to rely more heavily on slave labor

e. Political democracy preceded economic democracy

36. Thomas Jefferson and his followers opposed John Adams's last minute appointment of new federal judges mainly because

a. The men appointed were of poor quality

b. They believed that the appointments were unconstitutional

c. They did not want a showdown with the Supreme Court

d. The appointment was an attempt by a defeated party to entrench itself in the government

e. They thought it was ruthless use of the patronage power to appoint Republicans to federal offices

37. Andrew Jackson's military exploits were instrumental in the United States' gaining

a. A favorable border with Canada from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains

b. Possession of Florida

c. Joint fishing rights in Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland

d. Naval limitations on the Great Lakes

e. Mostly a symbolic gesture of goodwill to the Latin American republics

38. Which of the following leaders is INCORRECTLY paired with a notable event of deed?

a. Thomas Jefferson - Louisiana Purchase

b. Andrew Jackson - Battle of New Orleans

c. Tecumseh - Battle of Tippecanoe

d. Henry Clay - Declaration of war in 1812

e. Alexander Hamilton - Embargo Act of 1807

39. Thomas Jefferson's revolution of 1800 changed the Federalist policies of Washington and Adams in all of the following areas EXCEPT

a. Size of the military

b. Number of Federal employees

c. Amount of national debt

d. Foreign affairs

e. Alien and Sedition Acts

40. Which of the following accurately characterizes the foreign policy goals of Jefferson and Madison before 1812?

a. Strengthen the U.S. trade relations with Britain and France

b. Maintain U.S. neutral rights without going to war

c. Seek an alliance with either Britain or France

d. Explore various means for acquiring Canada

e. Provide aid to independence movements in Latin America

41. John Marshall's Supreme Court decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison established

a. A means for installing Federalist judges in office

b. Rules for Impeachment Trials

c. The principle for Judicial review

d. The federal government's authority over the states

e. A procedure for reviewing treaties

42. Native Americans in the West allied themselves with the British in the War of 1812 because they

a. Wanted to stop American settlers from taking their lands

b. Were persuaded to do so by Aaron Burr

c. Had ambitions to establish an Indian Confederacy

d. Had always been friendly with the British

e. Had signed a binding treaty with Britain during the American Revolution

43. Thomas Jefferson's chief reason for purchasing Louisiana was to

a. Challenged Hamilton's loose interpretation of the Constitution

b. Challenge Napoleon's bid for world empire

c. Give the United States control over the Mississippi River

d. Provide a rationale for the Lewis and Clark expedition

e. Strengthen the Republican party in the trans-Mississippi West

44. All of the following contributed to the U.S. decision to go to war in 1812 EXCEPT

a. The election of war hawks to Congress in 1810

b. A desire to acquire parts of Canada

c. British impressment of American seamen

d. Efforts to protect the land of the Native Americans

e. American sympathy with France against Britain

45. Which of the following documents or sources would be most useful for analyzing the effects of the Embargo of 1807 in the U.S. economy?

a. Jefferson's instructions to Lewis and Clark

b. Resolutions of the Hartford Convention

c. Records of shipbuilding activity in a New England state from 1805 - 1810 which went down

d. Financial accounts of Georgia plantations from 1805 - 1807

e. Speeches of Henry Clay (1810 - 1812)

46. The War of 1812 had all of the following consequences in the U.S. EXCEPT

a. Acquisition of new land

b. Native Americans' loss of Britain as an ally

c. The demise of the Federalist Party

d. An increase in the U.S. manufacturing

e. An increase in American nationalism

47. The Hartford Convention had long term significance because it

a. Encouraged Britain to sign the Treaty of Ghent

b. Presented a major challenge in Madison's domestic policies

c. Forced repeal of the Embargo Act of 1807

d. Marked the end of the Federalists as a national party

e. Organized national opposition to the War of 1812

48. In the 1780's, all of the following contributed to dissatisfactions with the Articles of Confederation EXCEPT

a. High taxes levied by the national government

b. A farmers' revolt in Massachusetts against the collection of state taxes

c. States refusing to honor the Treaty of Paris

d. Worthless paper money printed by many states

e. States restricting trade with one another

49. Which of the following statements accurately describes an argument of the Anti-Federalists?

a. The Constitution failed to provide for a Supreme Court

b. The Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights

c. States' rights were strong enough to limit the central government

d. The president's powers were too limited

e. The small states had to be protected from the larger ones

50. The Sugar Act of 1764 represented a major shift in British policy toward the colonies in that, for the first time, the British

a. Allowed all proceeds from a tax to stay in the colonial economy

b. Attempted to control colonial exports

c. Offered the colonists the opportunity to address Parliament with grievances

d. Required the colonies to import English goods exclusively

e. Levied taxes aimed at raising revenue rather regulating trade

51. In his interpretation of the Constitutional Convention, the historical Charles Beard focused on the importance of

a. Sectional differences

b. Conflict over slavery

c. Economic interests of a wealthy elite

d. Political factions from colonial times

e. The genius and wisdom of the framers

52. In 1788, the Federalists promised to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution in order to

a. Protect their own liberties from possible abuse by the U.S. government

b. Persuade state conventions to ratify the Constitution

c. Ensure that government would be democratic

d. Establish a popular platform for the election of George Washington

e. Expand the rights of women

53. Alexander Hamilton's financial program consisted of all of the following EXCEPT

a. The creation of a U.S. bank

b. The collection of a federal excise tax on whiskey

c. Payment of state debts by the federal government

d. Payment of subsidies to farmers

e. Tariffs to protect infant U.S. industries

54. Which of the following was the underlying cause of the other four?

a. Jay Treaty

b. The French Revolution

c. The XYZ Affair

d. Citizen Genet controversy

e. Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality

55. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions presented the argument that

a. States had the power to organize political parties

b. Congress had no power to legislate on questions of immigration

c. States could nullify acts of Congress

d. Congress should consult the states before declaring war

e. The Constitution should be amended

56. The decline in support for the Federalist Party can be traced most directly to its handling of the issue of

a. The Bill of Rights

b. The XYZ Affair

c. Citizen Genet

d. The Alien and Sedition Acts

e. Marbury v. Madison

57. Which of the following was NOT a significant consequence of the election of 1800?

a. Thomas Jefferson became president

b. The Democratic-Republicans took control of Congress

c. The Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution

d. The U.S. government gave less attention to foreign affairs

e. The party in power left office peacefully

58. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Monroe Doctrine?

a. It caused an immediate change in the U.S. role in world affairs

b. It asserted the U.S. right to send troops into the countries of Latin America to provide political stability

c. It declared U.S. opposition to European intervention in the affairs of independent countries of Western Hemisphere

d. It was fully supported by the British government

e. It established the U.S. claim to being world power

59. Which of the following increased southern planters' reliance on slaves?

a. Missouri Compromise

b. Invention of the steamboat

c. Invention of the cotton gin

d. Lowell System

e. Louisiana Purchase

60. The Erie Canal was significant because it

a. Challenged railroads as the primary transportation system of the early 1800's

b. Tied the manufacturing of the East to the farming of the West

c. Was the first federally funded internal improvement

d. Stimulated subsistence

e. Increased trade with Great Britain

61. A major effect of John Marshall's Supreme Court decisions was to

a. Expand federal power and limit the states' power

b. Expand the states' power and limit federal power

c. Declare federal laws to be unconstitutional

d. Protect and enlarge the jurisdiction of state courts

e. Legitimize a strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution

62. At his trial, John Peter Zenger won acquittal on the grounds that

a. The king had less authority in the colonies than in England

b. English law permitted the press almost total freedom

c. Truth could not be libel because of free speech

d. Libel laws did not apply to government officials

e. New York's governor deserved to be criticized

63. Which of the following is a correct statement about the United States at the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings?

a. Sectionalism had become the dominant force in the nation

b. There were no more division within the ranks of the Republican party

c. Federalists and Republicans united on an economic program of internal improvements and protective tariffs

d. Friendliness and cooperation with Britain replace earlier policies of hostility

e. Nationalism strongly influenced American culture and politics

64. In his pamphlet Common Sense, Thomas Paine's idea that people should be pledge allegiance to a king and a corrupt government was arguing for

a. All men are created equal

b. Parliament was dictatorial

c. Independence from Great Britain

d. Democratic government of, by, and for the people was the only type based on natural law and reason

e. Liberty belongs to those who fight for it

65. Which of the following best describes changes in the American economy in the 1820's?

a. Improved transportation in the West, depressed conditions in the South

b. Industrialization in the Northeast, diversified farming in the South

c. Improved transportation in the West, industrialization in the North

d. Cotton farming in the South, depressed conditions in the North

e. Railroads in all sections providing the primary stimulus for economic growth

66. When the House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge Amendment in response to Missouri's request for admission to the Union, the South thought that the amendment

a. Would threaten the sectional balance

b. Might keep alive the institution of slavery

c. Would slow the growth of the West

d. Would silence the abolitionists

e. Would keep Maine out of the Union

67. All of the following concepts are remembered about Washington's policy of neutrality EXCEPT:

a. The Era of Good Feelings

b. An American desire to avoid involvement in the Napoleonic Wars

c. Washington's Farewell Address

d. The development of political parties

e. The recall of Citizen Genet by the French government

68. Alexander Hamilton advocated all of the following policies EXCEPT

a. A lower duty on imports

b. The use of excise taxes

c. Rule by the intelligentsia

d. A national bank

e. A protective tariff

69. The Hartford Convention pertains to which of the following

a. Importation of slaves until 1808, Three-Fifths Compromise, Elastic Clause, and "due process."

b. Petition by grievances, "All men are created equal," inalienable rights, and consent of the governed

c. Opposition to slavery, opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Fugitive Slave Law, and the protective tariff

d. Two-thirds vote to declare war, omission of slaves from the census, one term for presidents, and opposition to the War of 1812

e. Sovereignty of each state, indivisibility of sovereignty, null and void, and the union as a compact among states

70. The Non-Intercourse Act involves which of the following?

a. State nullification

b. Strong protection of new industries

c. Free navigation on the Mississippi

d. Protecting maritime rights

e. An embargo bill lasting no more than sixty days

71. De Witt Clinton supported government expenditures on transportation

a. To help the development of manufacturing in the South

b. To help the development of New York

c. To help create a new social order

d. To help the development of the West

e. As part of a plan known as the American System

72. All of the following events occurred during the administration of James Monroe EXCEPT

a. The closing of the Western Hemisphere to further colonization

b. The end of the "Era of Good Feelings" which was typified by a spirit of nationalism

c. The purchase of Florida from Spain

d. The convention of 1818 at which the boundary between the United States and Canada was established

e. The Rush-Bagot Agreement in which the United States and Great Britain agreed to naval disarmament on the Great Lakes

73. Each of the following events is associated with the results of the War of 1812 EXCEPT

a. Peace on the frontier for a full generation

b. The end of hostility by the Treaty of Ghent

c. A renewal of British settlement in the Northwest Territory

d. The rapid growth of manufacturing in the Northwest Territory

e. The return to a policy of isolation by the United States

74. Nonviolence, fair treatments of Native Americans, a refuge for Quakers, and religious toleration were all a part of

a. Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"

b. William Penn's "Holy Experiment"

c. Ben Franklin's "Albany Plan"

d. Jonathan Edward's "Angry Sinners"

e. Robert Walpole's "Salutary Neglect"

75. The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution that established the principle of "bail" deals with

a. The principle of reasonale search and seizure

b. The right to have an attorney provided by the government

c. The issue of preventing detention

d. The issues of tuition and tax credits private schools

e. The prohibition against self-incrimination

76. The issue of religious toleration figured prominently in the founding of colonies by all of the following EXCEPT

a. James Oglethorpe, Georgia

b. Cecil Calvert, Maryland

c. Anne Hutchinson, Massachusetts

d. William Penn, Pennsylvania

e. Roger Williams, Rhode Island

77. The Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 were notable accomplishments because they

a. Established the principle that western lands are the joint property of all the states

b. Initiated a territorial policy that provided for the orderly creation of new states

c. Made possible a policy of Native American (Indian) relations that enabled new western areas to be settled peacefully

d. Put land into the hands of an actual settler rather than the speculator

e. Were the basis for the future settlement of the dispute with Britain over the northwest posts

78. A major defect in the national government established by the Articles of Confederation was that it lacked

a. A means of amending the Articles

b. The authority to tax

c. The power to declare war

d. The authority to make treaties

e. A legislative branch

79. In Jay's Treaty, Jay got the British to agree to all of the following EXCEPT

a. Evacuation of northwest forts

b. Compensation for ships seized in the West Indies

c. Recognition of America's neutral rights

d. Opening British colonial ports in Asia

e. To sign the treaty

80. To many who opposed it, Shay's Rebellion was a reminder that

a. Slaves could not be trusted

b. The national government was too weak

c. The states must be allowed to handle their own problems

d. The possibility of a military coup was always present

e. Representation in the national government was not sufficient