Term
| Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans |
|
Definition
Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break
from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the
settlement at Plymouth |
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Term
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Definition
| believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church |
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Term
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Definition
| society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly |
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Term
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Definition
| Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty |
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Term
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Definition
often debtors sold to slave traders by African
kings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange |
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Term
|
Definition
first permanent English settlement in the Americas
(1607), along James River |
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Term
|
Definition
– introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony,
sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought
Spanish and Turks |
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Term
|
Definition
key to English-Native American relationship, died in
England in 1617 |
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Term
|
Definition
foundation for self-government laid out by
the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land |
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Term
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Definition
Calvinist, devised concept of “city on a hill” (“A
Model of Christian Charity”); founded highly successful towns in
Massachusetts Bay |
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Term
|
Definition
exemplary Christian community, rich to show
charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
settlers to pay the expenses of a servant’s
voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over;
headright system |
|
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Term
| Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649) |
|
Definition
mandated the
toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though
Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant) |
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Term
|
Definition
reluctant to give colonists their own
government, preferred to appoint royal governors |
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Term
| William Penn and the Quakers |
|
Definition
settled in Pennsylvania, believed
the “Inner Light” could speak through any person and ran religious
services without ministers |
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Term
|
Definition
challenged New Englanders to completely
separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church |
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Term
|
Definition
challenged New England Calvinist ministers’
authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism |
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Term
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Definition
New Englanders who did not wish to
relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so
that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints |
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Term
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Definition
rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to
protect the frontier from the Native Americans
Independence (1763-1789) |
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Term
|
Definition
only English and American ships allowed to
colonial ports; dissent began in 1763 |
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Term
|
Definition
ensured trade with mother country, nationalism;too
restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists |
|
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Term
|
Definition
tried to rule as absolute monarchs without
using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures |
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Term
|
Definition
ended the Dominion of New England, gave
power back to colonies |
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Term
|
Definition
combined Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later
Jersey and New York) into one “supercolony” governed by Sir
Edmond Andros, a “supergovernor” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
William and Mary kicked James II out
of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the
legislatures |
|
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Term
|
Definition
– established colony of Georgia as a place for
honest debtors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
emphasis on human reason, logic, and
science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of
Christianity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to
unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan |
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Term
|
Definition
began by Edwards to return to Puritanism,
increased overall religious involvement, gave women more activeroles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughoutthe country; mainly affected towns and cities
•Deists – believed that God created the universe to act through
natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine
•George Whitefield – powerful speaker, toured the country and
inspired many into Christianity
•Jonathan Edwards – Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed
immediate repentance
•New Lights vs. Old Lights – New Lights brought new ideas,
rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent
of each other |
|
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Term
|
Definition
colonies proposed colonial confederation
under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, “Grand
Council”); never took effect |
|
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Term
|
Definition
French threat at the borders was no
longer present, therefore the colonies didn’t need English protection;
more independent stand against Britain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
prohibited settlements west of Appalachian,
restriction on colonial growth |
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Term
|
Definition
– Parliament took minor actions in the colonies,
allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-
government, international trade agreements |
|
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Term
|
Definition
search warrants on shipping to reduce
smuggling; challenged by James Otis |
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Term
|
Definition
similar to Navigatio; raised money to pay
colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of
English luxuries |
|
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Term
|
Definition
increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted
to harder enforce existing tariffs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
taxes on all legal documents to support British troops,
not approved by colonists through their representatives
•Stamp Act Congress – held in New York, agreed to not import
British goods until Stamp Act was repealed
•Virginia Resolves – “no taxation without representation,”
introduced by Patrick Henry |
|
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Term
|
Definition
prohibited colonies from issuing paper money,
destabilized colonial economy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
all English subjects are represented in
Parliament, including those not allowed to vote |
|
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Term
|
Definition
group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp
Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city |
|
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Term
|
Definition
organized and controlled resistance against
Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom),
advocated nonimportation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
allowed Parliament to completely legislate over
the colonies, limited colonists’ say |
|
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Term
|
Definition
British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball
fight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of
manslaughter |
|
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Term
| Committees of Correspondence |
|
Definition
committees appointed from
different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-
government, cooperation between colonies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
– intended to save British East India Company from
bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through
wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea |
|
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Term
|
Definition
peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston
Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians |
|
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Term
|
Definition
former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep
Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the
Church of England |
|
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Term
| Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) |
|
Definition
– in reaction to the Boston Tea
Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter(power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would betried in England or another colony |
|
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Term
|
Definition
organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to
pay taxes to Britain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to
pay taxes to Britain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
politely demanded from the king a cease-
fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights |
|
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Term
| Thomas Paine, Common Sense |
|
Definition
stressed to the American people
British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed
to American emotions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
American commander-in-chief; first
president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey
Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential
cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style
rule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
most numerous in New England, fought for
independence |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fought for return to colonial rule, usually
conservative (educated and wealthy) |
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Term
| British strengths and weaknesses |
|
Definition
British citizenship
outnumbered colonies’, large navy and professional army; exhausted
resources (Hessians hired), national debt |
|
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Term
| Colonial strengths and weaknesses |
|
Definition
– fair amount of troops,
short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington);
nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
American general Horatio Gates was
victorious over British general Burgoyne |
|
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Term
|
Definition
scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated
by von Steuben |
|
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Term
|
Definition
– last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led
King George III to officially make peace with the colonies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
full American independence, territory west
of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for
seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland |
|
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Term
| American society during the Revolution |
|
Definition
British-occupied cities,
new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money,
African-Americans and Native Americans involved |
|
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
states joined for foreign affairs,
Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote
per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much
power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes |
|
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Term
| Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786) |
|
Definition
foundation for
First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by
state |
|
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Term
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
|
Definition
defined process for territories to
become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the
new territories |
|
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Term
|
Definition
pushed for Assumption (federal government
to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most
controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of
Federalist Party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong central government, separation of powers,
“extended republic” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy, forced
people to think about central government |
|
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Term
|
Definition
advocated by Roger Sherman,
proposed two independently-voting senators per state and
representation in the House based on population
•Virginia Plan – bicameral congressional representation based
on population
•New Jersey Plan – equal representation in unicameral congress
•Commerce Compromise – congress could tax imports but not
exports |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
required separate and distinct ballots for
presidential and vice presidential candidates Citizen Genet –
Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by
creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was
directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St.
Augustine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emphasis on personal salvation,
emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks;
nationalism (Manifest Destiny)
Jefferson’s Administration and Growth of Nationalism (1800-1820) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adams, Jefferson, and Burr:Adams lost,
Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to
vote for Jefferson to break the tie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
North African Muslim rulers solved budget
problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained
fees from most European powers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in
the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson,
Marshall among those appointed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong central government provided by power divided
between state and national governments, checks and balances,
amendable constitution |
|
|
Term
| Changes in the Constitution from the Articles |
|
Definition
stronger union of
states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority
vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate
commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federal
courts, easier amendment process
•
Articles’ achievement – system for orderly settlement of West
•
Elastic Clause (“necessary and proper”) – gives Congress the
power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the
Constitution |
|
|
Term
| Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists |
|
Definition
Anti-Federalists wanted states’
rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more
power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strong
central government, more power to experienced, separation of
church and state, stated that national government would protect
individual rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and
Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over
large territory
Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789-1800) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
established federal district courts that
followed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction;
compromise between nationalists and advocates for states’ rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protected rights of individual from the power of the
central government |
|
|
Term
| Bank of the United States |
|
Definition
Hamilton’s plan to solve
Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his
plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proposed by Hamilton to repair war
debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state
debts, set up the first National Bank |
|
|
Term
| Report on Manufactures (tariffs) |
|
Definition
– Hamilton praised efficient
factories with few managers over many workers, promote
emigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology |
|
|
Term
| Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution |
|
Definition
loose
interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the
National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Western Pennsylvanian farmers’ violent
protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to
put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the
new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south,
which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and
St. Augustine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
British Navy would take American sailors and force
them to work for Britain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
provided for evacuation of English troops from posts
in the Great Lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they
deemed unconstitutional |
|
|
Term
| Federalists and Republicans |
|
Definition
the two political parties that formed
following Washington’s presidency; Federalists for stronger central
government, Republicans for stronger state governments |
|
|
Term
| Washington’s Farewell Address |
|
Definition
warned against permanent
foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country,
established precedent of two-term presidency
•
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 – response to French attempts
for alliance with US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe
in order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams
unpopular among the people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
meant to keep government unquestioned
by critics, particularly of the Federalists |
|
|
Term
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
|
Definition
argued that states had the
right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were
constitutional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
John Marshall declared that the Supreme
Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional |
|
|
Term
| Lewis and Clark expedition |
|
Definition
Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on
“Voyage of Discovery” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sought to encourage domestic American
manufacturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– president has power to cease trade with any
foreign country that violated American neutrality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prohibited exports (and imports) based in
American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of
1812) |
|
|
Term
| Henry Clay and the American System |
|
Definition
Henry Clay aimed to
make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support
internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avid
Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
military hero from War of 1812;
elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave
presidency to Tyler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decisive victory in the War of 1812 by
Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison’s campaign for
presidency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
December 1814, opposed War of 1812,
called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secedeif their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern andwestern states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party
•
Essex case – Federalist cause leading up to Hartford
Convention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monroe presidency, national unity behind
Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, andtobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightenedcredit, affected West the most) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
provided country with a break from partisan
politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine |
|
|
Term
| Missouri Compromise (1820) |
|
Definition
Maine as free state, Missouri as
slave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30’ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no further introduction of slaves into
Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
agreement between US and Britain to
remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US,
boundary of Mexico defined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Europeans should not interfere with affairs in
Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs;
supported Washington’s goal for US neutrality in Americas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose
throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“corrupt bargain” and backroom deal for JQ
Adams to win over Jackson |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff,
South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jackson
appear to advocate free trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focused on the “Common Man;” removal
of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of
territory, liberal use of veto |
|
|
Term
| Transportation Revolution |
|
Definition
river traffic, roadbuilding, canals
(esp. Erie), rise of NYC
•
Erie Canal – goods able to be transferred from New York to
New Orleans by inland waterways
•
National Road – part of transportation revolution, from
Cumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network;
stimulated Western expansion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian
tribes in the Louisiana Territory
•
Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks,
Chickasaws, and Seminoles; “civilized” due to their
intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by
expansion
•
“Trail of Tears” – Cherokee tribe forced to move from
southern Appalachians to reservations in current-day
Oklahoma, high death toll
•
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – first attempt of Cherokees to
gain complete sovereign rule over their nation
•
Worcester v. Georgia – Georgia cannot enforce American laws
on Indian tribes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“rotation in office;”Jackson felt that one should
spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those
who held power too long would become corrupt and political
appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy
•
Kitchen Cabinet – Jackson used personal friends as unofficial
advisors over his official cabinet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
young women employed by Lowell’s textile
company, housed in dormitories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by
Eli Whitney, less need for slaves |
|
|
Term
| Nullification Controversy |
|
Definition
southern states (especially South
Carolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal laws
unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them
•
South Carolina Exposition and Protest – written by Calhoun,
regarding tariff nullification
121.Bank of the United States – destroyed by Jackson on the grounds
that it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal
institution
•
Pet banks – small state banks set up by Jackson to keep federal
funds out of the National Bank, used until funds were
consolidated into a single treasury
•
Independent Treasury Bill – government would hold its
revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the
funds away from private corporations; “America’s Second
Declaration of Independence”
•
Specie – paper money; specie circular decreed that the
government would not accept specie for government land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vetoed by Jackson on the count that
government funds for the Maysville Road would only benefit one
state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery
Society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
believed in expanding federal power on economy,
encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on the
local level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avid
Southern slave owner |
|
|
Term
| Marshall Court (all cases) |
|
Definition
Marbury v. Madison (judicial
review), McChulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutional
interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot
control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate
commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contract
cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v.
Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties’ consent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– religious movements, traveling
“meetings,” rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G.
Finney
•
Burned-Over District – heavily evangelized to the point there
were no more people left to convert to other religions, upstate
New York, home to the beginning of Smith’s Mormonism
movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
worked to reform the American education system,
abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
editor of The Liberator (strongly
abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery),
fought for feminist movement (“Am I not a woman and a sister”
picture of slave woman) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
runaway slave, well-known speaker on the
condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips,
founder of The North Star |
|
|
Term
| Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 |
|
Definition
– for women’s rights, organized
by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests
after the Declaration of Independence
•
Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized Seneca Falls Convention,
founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage
Organization
•
Angelina and Sarah Grimké – fought for women’s rights and
abolition, “Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
worked towards asylums for the mentally insane,
worked alongside Mann |
|
|
Term
| John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community |
|
Definition
John Noyes, New
York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex
marriage
•
New Harmony – first Utopian society, by Robert Owen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
American landscape painting rather than
Classical subjects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on
spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong
references to nature
•
Ralph Waldo Emerson – in Brook Farm Community, literary
nationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God and
freedom), wrote “The American Scholar”
•
Henry David Thoreau(Wa l d e n and On Civil Disobedience)–
in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two yearswritingWalden, proved that man could provide for himselfwithout materialistic wants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in
Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding
Virginians to consider emancipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
family farmers who hired out slaves for the
harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets
alongside slave owners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
network of safe houses of white
abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom
Harriet Tubman – worked alongside Josiah Henson to make
repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom |
|
|
Term
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) |
|
Definition
over Senate seat for Illinois
(Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split
over the issue of slavery
•
Freeport Doctrine – Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred
Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able
to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as
property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or
more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; “rich man’s war
but a poor man’s fight” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the Union planned a blockade that would not
allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the
Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
won battles in the West and raised northern
morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union
commanding general |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pushed through northern Georgia, captured
Atlanta, “march to the sea” (total war and destruction), proceeded to
South Carolina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal
to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army |
|
|
Term
| Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson |
|
Definition
Lee’s chief lieutenant and
premier cavalry officer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lee’s attack on Maryland in hopes that he
could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate,
McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so
close to victory again
•
Emancipation Proclamation – issued by Lincoln following
Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the
proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not
include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union’s
moral cause in the war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle
of the war, Confederate Pickett’s Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to
retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invadeNorth again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation overunion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle
of the war, Confederate Pickett’s Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to
retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invadeNorth again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation overunion) |
|
|
Term
| New York City draft riots (1863) |
|
Definition
drafting extremely hated by
Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black
population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned |
|
|
Term
| Military Reconstruction Act (1867) |
|
Definition
South divided into 5
military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify
14th amendment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
South to gain removal of last troops from
Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
achieved an abnormal rise in class system
(steel industry), pioneered vertical integration (controlled Mesabie
Range to ship ore to Pittsburgh), opposed monopolies, used
partnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick as a
manager/partner), Bessemer steel process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small oil companies sold stock and authority
to Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company (consolidation), cornered
world petroleum market |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Standard Oil Company, ruthless business
tactics (survival of the fittest) |
|
|
Term
| Vertical and horizontal integration |
|
Definition
beginnings of trusts
(destruction of competition); vertical- controlling every aspect of
production (control quality, eliminate middlemen - Rockefeller);
horizontal- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a market
(highly detrimental) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forbade restraint of trade and did not
distinguish good from bad trusts, ineffective due to lack of
enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-Trust Act) |
|
|
Term
| United States vs. EC Knight Company |
|
Definition
decision under Sherman
Anti-Trust Act shot down by Supreme Court – sugar refining was
manufacturing rather than trade/commerce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
founded by William Sylvis(1866);
supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of
labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages,
women; excluded blacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded
corrupt and well-off; equal female pay, end to child/convict labor,employer-employee relations, proportional income tax; “bread andbutter” unionism (higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions)
•
Terence V. Powderly – Knights of Labor leader, opposed
strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed
blacks and women (allowing segregation)
176.American Federation of Labor – craft unions that left the Knights
(1886), led by Gompers, women left out of recruitment efforts
•
Samuel Gompers – focused on skilled workers (harder to
replace than unskilled), coordinated crafts unions, supported 8-
hour workday and injury liability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fearing the rise of labor unions,
corporations forced new employees to sign and promise not to be
part of a union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
detectives hired by employers as private police force,
often used to end strikes |
|
|
Term
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) |
|
Definition
10-year moratorium on Chinese
immigration to reduce competition for jobs (Chinese willing to work
for cheap salaries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot
protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers’ unions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
led railroad workers in Pullman Strike, arrested;
Supreme Court (decision in re Debs) legalized use of injunction
(court order) against unions and strikes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
natural selection applied to human
competition, advocated by Herbert Spencer, William Graham
Sumner |
|
|
Term
| Henry George, Progress and Poverty |
|
Definition
single tax on speculated
land to ameliorate industrialization misery |
|
|
Term
| Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards |
|
Definition
state-run economy to
provide conflict-free society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
working class exploited for profit,
proletariat (workers) to revolt and inherit all society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electric light
, phonograph
, mimeograph,
Dictaphone, moving pictures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
led architectural movement to create building
designs that reflected buildings’ functions, especially in Chicago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
created Interstate Commerce
Commission to require railroads to publish rates (less discrimination,short/long haul), first legislation to regulate corporations, ineffectiveICC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stressed role of church and religion to
improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and
Washington Gladen; influenced settlement house movement and
Salvation Army |
|
|
Term
Men’s and Young Women’s Christian Association
(YMCA & YWCA) |
|
Definition
provided housing and recreation to city
youth, imposing Protestant morals, unable to reach out to all youth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helped lead settlement house movement, co-
founded NAACP, condemned war and poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jane Addams’s pioneer settlement house (center for
women’s activism and social reform) in Chicago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
established by “General” William Booth,
uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment to
families, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands in
order to instill middle-class virtues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sewer systems and purification of water |
|
|
Term
| New immigrants vs. old immigrants |
|
Definition
old immigrants from
northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new
immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for
opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often
did not stay in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Victorian standards confined women to the
home to create an artistic environment as a statement of cultural
aspirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leader of Tammany Hall, gained large
sums of money through the political machine, prosecuted by Samuel
Tilden and sent to jail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Democratic political machine in NYC,
“supported” immigrants and poor people of the city, who were
needed for Democratic election victories |
|
|
Term
| Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie, The Financier |
|
Definition
attacked
industrial elite, called for business regulation, publisher refused
works breaking with Victorian ideals |
|
|
Term
| Regionalist and naturalist writers |
|
Definition
writing took a more realistic
approach on the world, regionalist writers focused on local life(Sarah Orne Jewett), naturalist writers focused on economy andpsychology (Stephen Crane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– government compromised to buy and
coin $2-4 million/month; government stuck to minimum and
inflation did not occur (lower prices); economy grew |
|
|
Term
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) |
|
Definition
government to buy silver
to back money in addition to gold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Republican candidate for president in 1884,
quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps
(many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland) |
|
|
Term
| Pendleton Civil Service Act |
|
Definition
effectively ended spoils system and
established civil service exams for all government positions, under
Pres. Garfield |
|
|
Term
| Farmers’ Alliance movement |
|
Definition
Southern and Midwestern farmers
expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan(cash advance on future crop – farmers had little cash flow duringthe year), criticized national banks
•
Greenback Party – supported expanded money supply,
health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers,
granger(farmer)-supported
•
Populist Party – emerged from Farmers’ Alliance movement
(when subtreasury plan was defeated in Congress), denounced
Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes;
Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry
Simpson |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blacks who went to prison taken out and
used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial
hierarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared
unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendment
protected people from governmental infringement of rights and had
no effect on acts of private citizens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Supreme Court legalized the “separate but
equal” philosophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
private property subject to government
regulation when property is devoted to public interest; against
railroads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
educational and residential segregation; inferior
facilities allotted to African-Americans, predominantly in South |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coxey and unemployed followers marched on
Washington for support in unemployment relief by inflationary
public works program |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– 8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads);
due to stock market crash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmer
loans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression;
decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland’s repeal of Sherman
Silver Purchase Act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
repeat candidate for president,
proponent of silver-backing (16:1 platform), cross of gold speech
against gold standard; Democratic candidate (1896)
•
Free silver – Populists campaigned for silver-backed money
rather than gold-backed, believed to be able to relieve working
conditions and exploitation of labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
northern factory workers who were discarded
when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and
clothed in their old age) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio),
Texans lost great number of people, “Remember the Alamo”
•
Stephen Austin – American who settled in Texas, one of the
leaders for Texan independence from Mexico |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“dark horse” Democratic candidate; acquired
majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation,
Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury |
|
|
Term
| Oregon and “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” |
|
Definition
Oregon Territory
owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to
settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40’ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stated the United States was destined to span
the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible,
advocated by Polk |
|
|
Term
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
|
Definition
acquired Mexican Cession (future
California, Arizona, and New Mexico);Wilmot Proviso – slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from
Mexico; never fully passed Congress
Mexico acknowledged
American annexation of Texas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gold discovery in Sutter’s Mill in 1848
resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for
statehood, opened question of slavery in the West |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson;
purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) California admitted as free state, (2)
territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico,
(3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal
assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6)
new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A.
Douglas
•
Fugitive Slave Act – runaway slaves could be caught in the
North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as
property – running away was as good as stealing) |
|
|
Term
| Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin |
|
Definition
depicted the evils of
slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased
participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South |
|
|
Term
| Know-Nothing (American) Party |
|
Definition
opposed to all immigration,
strongly anti-Catholic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– the principle that a state should decide for
itself whether or not to allow slavery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– territory split into Kansas and Nebraska,
popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by
Stephen A. Douglas
•
“Bleeding Kansas” – border ruffians in election on issue of
slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attacked
Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre
•
Lecompton Constitution – proslavery constitution in Kansas,
supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious),
denied statehood until after secession
•
John Brown – led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme
abolitionist who believed he was doing God’s work
•
Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856) – John Brown and his sons
slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in
Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress
•
Republican Party – formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska
Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential
candidate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brown aimed to create an armed slave
rebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and became
martyr in the North |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slaves could not sue in federal courts
(blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken
from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise
unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state |
|
|
Term
| Preservationism vs. Conservationism |
|
Definition
Roosevelt and Pinchot
sided on conservation rather than preservation (planned and
regulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
workers unable to escape (locked into
factory), all died; further encouraged reform movements for working
conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed
to Roosevelt’s natural conservation efforts |
|
|
Term
| Frederick W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management |
|
Definition
increase working output by standardizing procedures and rewarding
those who worked fast; efficiency |
|
|
Term
| Industrial Workers of the World |
|
Definition
supported Socialists, militant
unionists and socialists, advocated strikes and sabotaging politics,aimed for an umbrella union similar to Knights of Labor, ideas tooradical for socialist cause
•
“Big Bill” Haywood – leader of IWW, from Western
Federation of Miners |
|
|
Term
| Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class |
|
Definition
satirized
wealthy captains of industry, workers and engineers as better leaders
of society |
|
|
Term
| Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life |
|
Definition
activist
government to serve all citizens (cf. Alexander Hamilton); founded
New Republicmagazine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
social ideals to be encouraged in public school
(stress on social interaction), learning byd oin g |
|
|
Term
| Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr |
|
Definition
law meant to evolve as society
evolves, opposed conservative majority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proponent of gradual gain of equal rights
for African-Americans
•
“Atlanta Compromise” speech – given by BTW to ease
whites’ fears of integration, assuring them that separate but
equal was acceptable, ideas challenged by DuBois |
|
|
Term
| WEB DuBois, Souls of Black Folk |
|
Definition
opposed BTW’s
accommodation policies, called for immediate equality, formed
Niagara Movement to support his ideas |
|
|
Term
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
|
Definition
formed by white progressives, adopted goals of Niagara Movement,
in response to Springfield Race Riots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uncovered the “dirt” on corruption and harsh quality
of city/working life; heavily criticized by Theodore Roosevelt; Ida
Tarabell (oil companies), David Graham Phillips (Senate), Aschen
School (child labor – photography), mass magazinesMc C l u re’s and
Collier’s
•
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle – revealed unsanitary nature of
meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure
Food and Drug Act (1906)
•
Thomas Nast – political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes
to stop criticism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
created the Wisconsin Idea (as governor of
Wisconsin) – regulated railroad, direct-primary system, increased
corporate taxes, reference library for lawmakers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made it illegal to transport women across state borders
for “immoral purposes,” violated by black boxer Jack Johnson (w/
white woman) |
|
|
Term
| Women’s Christian Temperance Union |
|
Definition
led by Francis Willard,
powerful “interest group” following the civil war, urged women’s
suffrage, led to Prohibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
women must gain economic rights in
order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Northern Securities Company (JP
Morgan and James G. Hill - railroads) seen by Roosevelt as “bad”
trust, Supreme Court upheld his first trust-bust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first “modern” president, moderate who
supported progressivism (at times conservative), bypassed
congressional opposition (cf. Jackson), significant role in world
affairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Roosevelt’s plan that aimed to regulate corporations
(Anthracite coal strike, Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Elkins andHepburn Acts), protect consumers (meat sanitation), and conservenatural resources (Newlands Reclamation Act) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“trustbuster” (busted twice as many as
Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings BankSystem, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republicansplit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
party formed from Republican split by
Roosevelt, more progressive values, leaving “Republican Old
Guard” to control Republican party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
federal government to increase power over
economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed
by Roosevelt (after presidency) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ideas of Wilson:small enterprise, states’ rights,
more active government, trustbusting, left social issues up to the
states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust,
monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt,
Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
created Federal Reserve System, regional
banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of each
bank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued
“Federal Reserve Notes” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
James G. Blaine sought to open up Latin
American markets to the U.S.; rejected by Latin America due to fear
of U.S. dominance and satisfaction with European market |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst)
– aimed to excite American imperialist interests; media bias,
subjective representation of events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belligerent nationalism against other threatening nations |
|
|
Term
| Secretary of State John Hay |
|
Definition
ex-Lincoln secretary; worked to
gain Open Door Notes’ acceptance from the major powers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sought to eliminate spheres of influence and
avoid European monopolies in China; unaccepted by the powers in
mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1898) – McKinley reluctant; armed
intervention to free Cuba from Spain; Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders”
made attack on Spanish at Cuba
•
Explosion of USS Maine – meant to provide evacuation
opportunity for Americans in Cuba; internal accidental
explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish-
American War
•
Platt Amendment – U.S. would ensure that Cuba would be
protected from European powers and maintain a place in Cuban
affairs; provided coal and naval stations |
|
|
Term
| US acquisitions:Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam |
|
Definition
granted to U.S. at the end of Spanish-American War; Philippines
were captured after treaty, and thus not part of spoils, but kept as
territory with an inevitable movement for independence; Philippines
and Hawaii steps toward Asia
•
Naval battle in Manila Bay, Philippines – Admiral Dewey
defeated Spanish initially; American troops (aided by
Aguinaldo’s insurgents) captured Manila, leading to annexation |
|
|
Term
| TR mediates Russo-Japanese War |
|
Definition
– secretly sponsored peace
negotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly on Asia;
concerned with safety of Philippines |
|
|
Term
| TR mediates Russo-Japanese War |
|
Definition
– secretly sponsored peace
negotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly on Asia;
concerned with safety of Philippines |
|
|
Term
| TR mediates Russo-Japanese War |
|
Definition
– secretly sponsored peace
negotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly on Asia;
concerned with safety of Philippines |
|
|
Term
| President Theodore Roosevelt |
|
Definition
| military and naval preparedness |
|
|
Term
| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine |
|
Definition
U.S. felt it was its
duty to “watch out” for the interests of other countries in the Western
hemisphere; provided justification for invasions of Latin America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– needed to protect new Pacific acquisitions, U.S.
took over the project from the French after overcoming Clatyton-
Bulwer Treaty (prohibited exclusive control of canal) with the Hay-
Pauncefote Treaty |
|
|
Term
| “Gentlemen’s Agreement” (1908) |
|
Definition
in response to Japanese
discrimination in San Fran schools; Japanese to stop laborers into
U.S., Californians forbidden to ban Japanese from public schools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
government would protect America’s
foreign investments with any force needed; under president Taft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intervention in Mexican Revolution (Madero
overthrew dictator Diaz) to overthrow Madero out of fear of
property confiscation, General Huerta (seen as “brute” by Wilson,
sought new leader) replaced Madero |
|
|
Term
| Invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa |
|
Definition
Huerta’s enemy, reluctantly
supported by U.S.; U.S. sought Villa’s submission due to terrorism,
eventually assassinated; Wilson’s policy highly unpopular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
British passenger liner secretly carrying ammunition
sunk by German u-boat, included American passengers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– intercepted by Britain; Germany proposed
alliance with Mexico, using bribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ;
Japan included in alliance |
|
|
Term
| Unrestricted submarine warfare |
|
Definition
Germany announced that it
would sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S. in
war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Committee on Public Information; aimed to
sell America and the world on Wilson’s war goals; propaganda,
censorship, “four-minute men” speeches, “Liberty Leagues” (spy on
community) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attempted to centralize production of war
materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-faire
government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Selective Service Act to require men to
register with few exceptions; women and blacks drafted/enlisted,
highly successful |
|
|
Term
| Herbert Hoover’s Food Administration |
|
Definition
relied on voluntary
compliance (no formal laws), propaganda; high prices set on
commodities to encourage production, Prohibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
public treaties, free trade, free seas, reduced
armament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities,
international organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped to
guarantee political independence and integrity of all countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mass migration northward; mainly blacks
migrating from the southern states into the north hoping for less
discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
14 formal amendments to the treaty for the
League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to
keep declaration of war to itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avoided league of Nations, opposed Latin American
involvement |
|
|
Term
| Espionage Act and Sedition Act |
|
Definition
fines and imprisonment for
aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of
criticism of the government and military |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act;
Congress right to limit free speech during times of war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anti-communist crusades due to fear of
radicalism spurred by Bolshevik rebellion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Congressional support to raid houses of radicals
believed to have connections to communism |
|
|
Term
| “Red Summer,” race riots (1919) |
|
Definition
spurred by Great Migration,
large-scale riots, lynchings, &c. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate
against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values
•
Birth of a Nation – spawned resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan
based on The Clansman
•
Ku Klux Klan – spread quickly; opposed everything that was
not White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) (and conservative),
Stephenson’s faults and jail sentence led to demise
•
National Origins Act (1924) – reduced quota, reduced
numbers from eastern and southern Europe, Asians banned,
Canadians and Latin Americans exempt
Sacco & Vanzetti Trial – prejudiced jury sentenced them to
death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new
scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism);
John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by
Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty |
|
|
Term
| Prohibition, rise of organized crime |
|
Definition
supported by women and
churches, instituted by Volstead Act, lacked enforcement;
bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger –
gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law) |
|
|
Term
| Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management |
|
Definition
efficient working
methods to increase productivity; usually resulted in lower wages
(hated by workers), power to managers |
|
|
Term
| Henry Ford’s assembly line |
|
Definition
mass production of the Model-T,
workers as potential consumers (raise wages), supported other
industries and raised employment |
|
|
Term
| Bruce Barton:The Man Nobody Knows |
|
Definition
glorification of
business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion and
manufacturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
new industry, leisure time with family, sports industry
stimulated, political advertisements, newscasts, broadcast of music |
|
|
Term
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |
|
Definition
Alice Paul; shocked
traditionalism, League of Women Voters supported; new
organization of women who were now more independent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expressed new freedom of women, sexual revolution |
|
|
Term
| Margaret Sanger & birth control |
|
Definition
illegal, but widely accepted;
with new promiscuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation and
ragtime; jazz migrated along with blacks in the Great Migration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
new generation of writers outside of
Protestantism, resentment of ideals betrayed by society; Fitzgerald
(despised materialism, Great Gatsby), Hemingway (disillusionment,
war experience), Lewis (against upper class –Babbit and
Mainstreet), Faulkner (stream of consciousness), T.S. Eliot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
authors:Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora
Neale Hurston, Countee Cullet – praise and expression of black
culture of the time |
|
|
Term
Marcus Garvey, United Negro Improvement Association
(UNIA) |
|
Definition
“Back to Africa” movement for racial pride and
separatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
considered a hero for his solo crossing of the
Atlantic by plane |
|
|
Term
| Washington Disarmament Conference (1921) |
|
Definition
US, Britain,
Japan, France, and Italy to reduce naval tonnage and halt
construction for 10 years; US and Japan to respect Pacific territorial
holdings, Kellog-Briand Pact to “outlaw war” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to make German reparations from WWI more
accessible to Germans; evacuation of troops from Germany,
reorganization of the Reichsbank, and foreign loans |
|
|
Term
| Conservative policies of Harding and Coolidge |
|
Definition
lowering of
income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal to create
higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill) |
|
|
Term
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) & Smoot-Hawley Tariff
(1930) |
|
Definition
– raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods;
benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for
access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for
access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming |
|
|
Term
| Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce |
|
Definition
known as “wartime
food czar;” created recreation policies and reintroduced leisure
culture and conservation ethic to get Americans escaping the cities
and improve tourism, &c. |
|
|
Term
| Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury |
|
Definition
introduced the
“trickle-down” economics theory in order to promote business and
increase money available for speculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
agricultural depression as precursor to the
depression; unheeded omen of problems in the economic structure
(prices too low – too much supply for the demand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry, mistaken “trickle-down” economics, reliance on credit • Stock market crash (1929) – stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry, mistaken “trickle-down” economics, reliance on credit • Stock market crash (1929) – stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, |
|
|
Term
| Hoover’s policy of voluntarism |
|
Definition
| emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression • Hoovervilles – sets of cardboard box houses that epitomized the country’s blame on Hoover for the cause of the Depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| veterans from WWI sought their pensions before they were too old to use them; they were denied and were run out of Washington (violently, by MacArthur |
|
|
Term
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) |
|
Definition
| attempted to boost economy by making loans to banks and insurance companies, hoping to restart them |
|
|
Term
| President Franklin Roosevelt |
|
Definition
| introduced his “New Deal,” won election by a relative landslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust) • New Deal – FDR’s plan (although vague during the campaign) to restart the economy and pull America out of the Great Depression • “Brain trust” – FDR’s inner circle of experts rather than just politicians in the cabinet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accomplished great number of relief, recovery, and reform efforts; sought practical solutions to the problemsby experimentation • Emergency Banking Relief Act – four-day banking holiday to create controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks |
|
|
Term
| “First” New Deal Programs |
|
Definition
1933-35, improved (but not recovered) economy a.National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) & National Recovery Administration (NRA) – prevented extreme competition, labor- management disputes, and over-production; federally
coordinated consensus of business leaders (Hugh Johnson) to
regulate businesses (wages, limits, working conditions)
b.Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – subsidies to farmers to decrease production and thus increase prices c.Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – hydroelectric power to river valley; brought social and economic development to very poor area d.Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – employed young jobless men with government projects on work relief and environment e.Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) – provided more funds to state and local relief efforts f.Public Works Administration (PWA) – Harold Ickles, provided public construction projects g.Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – insured deposits < $5000, reassured American public of the worth of banks |
|
|
Term
| “Second” New Deal Programs: |
|
Definition
1935-38, reform-minded, more political a.Social Security Act of 1935 (SSA) – used withheld money from payrolls to provide aid to the unemployed, industrial accident
victims, and young mothers; principle of government
responsibility for social welfare
b.Works Progress Administration (WPA) – Harry Hopkins; provide work for unemployed and construct public works, &c. through Emergency Relief Appropriation Act; much like Civil Works Administration c.Wagner Act / National Labor Relations Act – collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workersmust join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics d.Fair Labor Standards Act – banned child labor, established minimum wage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| philosophy that deficit spending during a depression would increase purchasing power and stimulate economy; FDR disagreed with the policy at first and borrowed money to cover deficits |
|
|
Term
| Indian Reorganization Act (1934) |
|
Definition
halted sale of tribal lands,
enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed Dawes Severalty
Act of 1887; helped secure Indians’ entry into New Deal
associations; led by John Collier |
|
|
Term
| Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor |
|
Definition
first female cabinet
member |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on
continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegation
of legislative authority from Congress to executive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Judiciary Reorganization Bill; FDR’s attempt to
put in extra judges who would support him without doubt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Americans who were forced out of their
homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust
storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nationalists against foreign non-
English speaking workers (took jobs away from American men);
encouraged to leave the U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy
people and corporations), Huey Long (“share our wealth”), Francis
Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of members due to new following of
CIO and discrimination |
|
|
Term
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) |
|
Definition
created by John L.
Lewis for unskilled labor, organized “sit-down strike” against GM to
work for recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– hired to photograph ordinary Americans
experiencing the depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
withdrawal of American troops from
foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international
relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum
(rebukes the “big stick”); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields |
|
|
Term
| Isolationism in 1920s & 1930s |
|
Definition
Americans concerned with
economic depression; sought to avoid European involvement, no
apparent immediate threats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prohibited aiding of belligerent nations,
banned civilian involvement; limited power of president during
international war, built up armed forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FDR encouraged democracies to
quarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized by
isolationists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allowed sale of weaponry to democracies on
“cash-and-carry” basis, avoided full-blown war; danger zones
proclaimed; solved American unemployment crisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FDR asked for increased authority to
aid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want,
from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– President to offer military supplies to
nations “vital to the defense of the US”; ended US neutrality
(economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink American
ships (limited scale) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted in
FDR’s request for declaration of war against Japan; Germany and
Italy responded with declarations of war |
|
|
Term
| First American strategy in WWII |
|
Definition
FDR and Churchill agreed to
defeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Midway (US Signal Corps, turning
point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower’s amphibious
invasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces),
Stalingrad (Russians defeated Germans, saved Moscow and
Leningrad, turning point in Europe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors, sent
off (by law) to internment camps; removal of deemed threats in
military areas |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs |
|
Definition
risk of too many
casualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion,
Japanese surrender unlikely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
established world organization; Soviet
Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe;
pledge broken, led to Cold War |
|
|
Term
| Potsdam Conference (1945) |
|
Definition
decided to punish war crimes,
established program for de-Nazification of Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
westward migration of workers (new economic
opportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce and
family/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories,
still held inferior to men
•
Rationing – Americans at home reminded to conserve
materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted
in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbol of women workers during the war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of
the very few strikes during the time period) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs,
concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor working
conditions (as they were not American citizens)
•
Zoot Suit riots – racism riots against Mexican laborers
(imported for jobs) |
|
|
Term
| A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington |
|
Definition
led
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters:threatened a siege on DC if
FDR did not agree to end discrimination in military |
|
|
Term
| Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) |
|
Definition
prohibited
discrimination in any government-related work; increased black
employment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first president to show positive
response to civil rights movement; worked heavily on keeping
Soviet spread of communism in check |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first African-American in major league baseball |
|
|
Term
| Desegregation of Armed Forces (1947) |
|
Definition
banned racial
discrimination in federal practices; To Secure These Rights called for
desegregation, anti-lynching, end of poll taxes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fought for old Southern way of life (states’
rights), attempted to gain higher standing within Democratic party;
aimed to deny Truman enough electoral votes to avoid his reelection
by nominating Strom Thurmond(SC governor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
preservation of New Deal, attempt at additions; raised
minimum wage, public housing, old-age insurance extension,
agricultural price supports (lowering of farm price) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
US ambassador to Russia, notified Truman of
Soviet ambitions to expand empire and overthrow other politicalforces; established concern for Soviet policy in Eastern Europe,Germany, and the Middle East
•
Containment – aimed to prevent spread of communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– support people oppressed by communism and
non-democratic governments; worked with democratic governments
in Greece, Turkey, and Israel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
US provided financial assistance to recover
economies in Europe; aimed towards anti-communist governmentsin France, Italy, and Germany; Eastern European nations prohibitedfrom receiving help from US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soviets cut Berlin off from the rest of Germany by
blockade; US organized airlift to drop supplies into Britain;
blockade lifted in May 1949 |
|
|
Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
|
Definition
response to Berlin
crisis, warned Moscow that threats would be answered with force;
Warsaw Pact formed by Soviets in response |
|
|
Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
|
Definition
response to Berlin
crisis, warned Moscow that threats would be answered with force;
Warsaw Pact formed by Soviets in response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
September 1949, US no longer held
monopoly; two atomic powers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mao Zedong (communist) defeated
nationalist forces of Kai-Shek (supported by US);seen as defeat for
US, not officially fully recognized until 1973 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soviet-aided North Korea attack on South Korea;
MacArthur named general on behalf of UN (excluded Russia), US
supplied majority of troops; recapture of South Korea and
suppression of North forces to northern border;introduction of
Chinese, MacArthur fired for suggestion to use nuclear weapons on
China; nuclear incentives for peace negotiations |
|
|
Term
| President Dwight D. Eisenhower |
|
Definition
Republican, popular hero of
WWII; “dynamic conservatism” as a middle ground btw. Rep. and
Dem.; Interstate Highway System (ulterior motive of weapons
transportation); St. Lawrence Seaway opened Great Lakes to
Atlantic Ocean via locks; Depts. Of Health, Education, and Welfare
to oversee New Deal programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong patriotism and need to conform
to try to avoid blame during red scare, non-churchgoers, unmarried,
and critics suspected as communists
•
Suburbia – middle class; white flight from urban areas due to
black migration; government supported insurance for
homeowners and builders
•
“Baby Boom” – unprecedented sudden growth spurt of
American population (especially urban and suburban areas)
•
“Cult of Domesticity” returns – women believed to belong in
the home, scientific “evidence”; widespread in magazines, TV,
&c. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
government ensured readjustment rights to GIs
after WWI unrest, loans to veterans for higher education and
mortgages (contributed to economic prosperity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Americans could now spend what they had been
told to save during the war (disposable income); increased
purchasing of luxury items
•
“Affluent Society” – economic prosperity of American society
following WWII; doubling of national income, jobs to women,
defense industry’s support of economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean,
Beatniks – rebelled against conservative conformity of the rest of the
country (esp. targeted youth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
influence of African-American blues, music of the
younger generation (gap between them and their parents) |
|
|
Term
| David Riesman (The Lonely Crowd) |
|
Definition
“outer directed” Americans
conforming to peer pressure on moral and social issues, rather than
independently thinking on morals |
|
|
Term
| Richard Nixon, Alger Hiss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attacked people for being communist by
association and unsubstantiated claims, against Truman, Marshall,and Ike; downfall came with attack on the military (condemned bySenate); led hysteria of the red scare
•
Domino theory – one country that falls into communism will
cause surrounding nations to also fall “like dominos”; spurred
by Southeast Asia regimes (esp. Vietnam)
•
Community on Un-American Activities (HUAC) – attacked
public figures (Hollywood, New-Dealers, liberals) to root out
communist spies
•
Truman’s Loyalty Program – Truman tested for communist
alliances within government; government employees prohibited
from taking part in remotely-communist activities
•
Rosenbergs – executed for leaking atomic secrets to Soviets,
avowed communists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretary of state, policy to liberate captive
people in Eastern Europe by political pressure and propaganda;
massive retaliation to counter Soviet/Chinese aggression with
nuclear weapons;brinksmanship to be persistent to solve crises
(even to the extent of war) |
|
|
Term
| CIA overthrow of Iran (1953) |
|
Definition
– installed Shah as dictator,
overthrew Moussadegh (communist interests), in order to resist
nationalization British oil holdings |
|
|
Term
| CIA overthrow of Guatemala (1954) |
|
Definition
overthrew Pres. Guzman
after he nationalized American fruit fields and accepted arms from
USSR (communist sympathies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– caused American hysteria (1957), fear that Soviets were
technologically superior; led Ike to order more rigorous education
program to rival Soviets (National Defense Education Act) |
|
|
Term
| National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA) |
|
Definition
– launched in 1958
by Ike; successful launch of American satellite (Explorer I); massive
arms builup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
American U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR
(Ike: “for national security); US suspended further flights,
Krushchev demanded apology (refused) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– warned of dangerous military-industrial
complex (newly-found power of the military to affect the path of
democracy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unemployment jitters; expelled Teamster union
(resorted to gangsterism); height of power of workers’ unions |
|
|
Term
| US economy since WWII (service economy) |
|
Definition
highest peacetime
deficit in US history (due to lower tax rates for high-incometaxpayers, spent too much money attempting to reduce pricesupports to farmers) |
|
|
Term
| Brown v. Board of Education(1954) |
|
Definition
blacks denied admission to
all-white school; overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, negating “separatebut equal”, ordered integration of schools as soon as possible; whitesoutherners protested (refused to attend integrated schools) |
|
|
Term
| Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) |
|
Definition
Parks
arrested for refusing to give up bus seat to white man, African
American leaders called for city-wide boycott of bus system (lasted
almost 400 days); Supreme Court ruled segregated buses
unconstitutional |
|
|
Term
Martin Luther King Jr., Southern Christian Leadership
Conference |
|
Definition
led boycott, became leader of civil rights movement;
urged nonviolent resistance (cf. tactics of Ghandi); |
|
|
Term
| Little Rock Crisis (1957) |
|
Definition
Ike forced to send National Guard to
escort black children to school to quell riots and resistance (first time
since Reconstruction that troops used in the south to enforce
Constitution); resistance by white community (private schools) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonviolent protest to college students
(NC) being refused lunch service; part of “sit-in” movement to
integrate all aspects of life (hotels, entertainment, &c.) |
|
|
Term
| Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 |
|
Definition
commission on civil rights to
attempt to guarantee the ballot to blacks; showed government’s
changing views of race relations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised
charisma) won over Nixon (pale and nervous) |
|
|
Term
| President John F. Kennedy |
|
Definition
second youngest president, entered
presidency as tensions of the Cold War increased; unable to get
major initiatives through Congress due to conservative bloc; tax cuts
(economic stimulation); reluctantly gets involved in civil rights;
emphasizes Space Race (man on the moon) |
|
|
Term
| Rachel Carson, Silent Spring |
|
Definition
effects of pesticides on the
environment; changed way Americans viewed their impact on nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
due to threat of nuclear war, Soviets erected wall to
separate East Berlin from West Berlin (end exodus of intellect to
west); symbol of communist denial of freedom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
created in 1961 as example of liberal
anticommunism in third world countries; “reform-minded
missionaries of democracy” |
|
|
Term
| for Progress (Marshall Plan of Latin America) |
|
Definition
Americans feared Soviet infiltration into Latin America, placed
secret police and military forces to prevent it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CIA attempt to institute Cuban support to
overthrow Castro; cover-up uncovered, became representation of
Cuban resistance to American aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
storage of Soviet missiles in Cuba (threat
of nuclear war); Krushchev demanded that US never invade Cuba
and remove forces from Turkey; mutual compliance with each
other’s demands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prohibited testing of nuclear bombs
above ground to slow the nuclear arms race and the release of
nuclear fallout into the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| Riders (Congress of Racial Equality - CORE) |
|
Definition
interracial group of protestors who aimed to dramatize the violations
of the call for desegregation; harsh treatment by southern whites
provoked Kennedy to more strictly enforce desegregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
black veteran escorted to be enrolled in Univ. of
Miss. by military (school reluctant, cf. Little Rock Nine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
King hosted myriad nonviolent
protesting activities to fill jail with protestors, Bill Connor (police
commissioner) began violent resistance to protestors |
|
|
Term
| March on Washington, “I have a dream” |
|
Definition
25,000 people
(including whites) convened for political rally, MLK’s speech to
historical event; attempted to push civil rights bill through Congress |
|
|
Term
| Assassination of JFK, Warren Commission |
|
Definition
Assassinated by
Lee Harvey Oswald (hated his anti-Cuban policies); LBJ institutedWarren Commission to investigate assassination (headed by ChiefJustice Earl Warren) |
|
|
Term
| President Lyndon B. Johnson |
|
Definition
dealt with Vietnam War, “Great
Society” program for improvement of American society, antipoverty
and anti-discrimination programs
•
“Great Society” – LBJ’s flood of proposals to Congress for the
beautification and amelioration of American society (War on
Poverty, Medicare, public education spending, public television
(PBS), National Endowments for the Humanities and Arts
(NEH, NEA)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sets of programs geared towards minorities
and oft-discriminated populations
•
Immigration Act of 1965 – abolished national origins quotas,
dramatically increased immigration (especially from Asia and
Latin America)
•
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – banned racial discrimination and
segregation (public), bias by federal government; enforced by
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
•
Voting Rights Act of 1965 – prohibited use of any devices
(e.g., literacy tests) to deny the right to vote and enforced black
suffrage rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
due to parents unhappy with encouraged
segregation of schools, Supreme Court instituted forced busing
policies (using school buses as a method of integration) |
|
|
Term
| Malcolm X, Nation of Islam |
|
Definition
Black Muslim worked to raise
black spirits and pride (cf. Marcus Garvey); emphasized black
institutions rather than mere desegregation, blacks to gain freedom
at any cost |
|
|
Term
| Black Power, Stokely Carmichael |
|
Definition
black rights leader, heavily
influenced by Malcolm X (advocated black separatism rather than
integration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
another black separatist movement; known
for peaceful demonstrations, but more for police shootouts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rejection of negative portrayals of women
(language, entertainment), increased quality and use of education,
more job opportunities, acceptance into military
•
National Organization of Women – founded by Betty
Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez; lobbied for equal
opportunity where the EEOC was lacking (gender
discrimination); lawsuits and mobilization of public opinion
•
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique – denounced the
“housewife trap” which caused educated women to hold even
themselves inferior to men
•
Roe v. Wade – unconstitutionalized all state laws prohibiting
women’s rights to have an abortion performed during the first
trimester of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| César Chávez, United Farm Workers |
|
Definition
used nonviolent protest
and boycott to achieve better working conditions for farmers (esp.
Mexican-Americans) |
|
|
Term
| César Chávez, United Farm Workers |
|
Definition
used nonviolent protest
and boycott to achieve better working conditions for farmers (esp.
Mexican-Americans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
United States aided South Vietnam in its war of
power struggle against North Vietnam, the Vietcong, USSR, and
China
•
Ngo Dinh Diem – Catholic communist autocrat of Vietnam,
assassinated (with aid of US)
•
Ho Chi Minh – contending communist politician in Vietnam,
had more popularity than Diem, took power upon Diem’s death
•
Vietcong – National Liberation Front, guerilla militia from
south Vietnam fighting alongside the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam (North Vietnam)
•
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Congress authorized LBJ to repel
and prevent aggression against US troops in Vietnam, used as a
blank check (perhaps too much, caused protests)
•
Tet Offensive (1968) – NLF attacked numerous South
Vietnamese cities and American embassies, eventually
repulsed; spoiled LBJ’s record to reelection, resulted in massive
protests in US to end the war; atrocities such that war could
only end in stalemate |
|
|
Term
| Impact of LBJ’s Vietnam decision on 1968 election |
|
Definition
left primary
open to Robert Kennedy and Eugene McCarthy, both promising to
end the controversial war |
|
|
Term
| “New Left” (free speech movement) |
|
Definition
youth activists (often
liberal arts students) spoke out against Vietnam War, supported
widespread liberalization•
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) – part of the New
Left that envisioned “participatory democracy” (individualscontrol life-affecting decisions), end materialism, militarism,and racism; inspired by young black activists
•
Anti-war protests – concentrated on college campuses, hand-
in-hand with New Left
•
Counterculture:sex, drugs, and rock ‘n’ roll – youth looked
to doing as they pleased, heedless of the consequences
involved, musical and sexual revolutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pop art, mass production of art by screening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
desegregation (Brown v. Board of Ed), rights of the
accused (Miranda v. Arizona), voting reforms (Wesberry v. Sanders,
Reynolds v. Sims, Katzenbach v. Morgan) |
|
|
Term
| 1968 as “the year of shocks” |
|
Definition
Tet Offensive in Vietnam,
assassination of MLK and Robert Kennedy (presidential candidate),
Riot of Democratic National Convention (Chicago police beat
antiwar protestors), Black Panthers |
|
|
Term
| 1968 Presidential Election |
|
Definition
George Wallace vs. Nixon vs.
Humphrey; very narrow popular vote triumph to Nixon (although he
had clear majority of electoral votes) |
|
|
Term
| Richard Nixon (R), “Southern Strategy” |
|
Definition
lured many southern
Democrats to the Republican party (esp. due to southern opposition
to Civil Rights Act of 1964) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
appealed to many conservatives,
especially southerners (opposed massive protests and integration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of Nixon’s tri-faceted plan to honorably
remove troops from Vietnam; wean the South Vietnamese off of
American support, gradually reducing number of American troops
present
•
Bombing and invasion of Cambodia – another part of
Nixon’s out-of-Vietnam plan, destroy supply routes to North
Vietnam through Cambodia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kent State University students protesting
against invasion of Cambodia, not allowed to demonstrate, violence
(murder) caused by guardsmen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
speech symbolized polarization between
conservatives and liberals |
|
|
Term
| Conservative backlash against liberalism |
|
Definition
conservatives like
Reagan benefited from denouncing the New Left and excessive
antiwar protests; gave him political prominence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
détente achieved with USSR and China by
withdrawal from Vietnam; realpolitik shed the use of doctrines and
policies, instead using China and USSR in alternative ways to
achieve other goals (pitting China and USSR against each other, as
communist nations) |
|
|
Term
| Nixon visits China and Russia (1972) |
|
Definition
bridging communication
gaps, epitome of détente
•
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) – Nixon agreed
with USSR to achieve nuclear equality rather than the
superiority that threatened the destruction of the world; further
reduced tensions between the two countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nixon’s domestic policy; federal revenues
shared with states (revenue sharing), minimum incomep ro p o s e d |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
despite near-guaranteed second term,
campaign workers burglarized Democratic offices, cover-up
unsuccessful, resigned to avoid impeachment
•
Nixon pardoned by Ford to get country focused on more
important matters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– increased already high rate of inflation by
quadrupling the price of crude oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ford’s and Carter’s presidencies experienced a
recession and inflation simultaneously, solved by Keynesian
economics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Panama Canal Treaty, diplomacy with
China, end of recognition of Taiwan; little accomplished
domestically due to conservative opposition, foreign policy more
successful; Washington outsider
•
Experienced high interest rates, inflation, increased government
spending, rising unemployment, decreased union membership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fought for human rights in Africa,
Panama Canal returned to Panama, relations with China resolved |
|
|
Term
| Camp David Accords (peace btw Egypt and Israel) |
|
Definition
followed
years of tension, Israel would leave newly acquired lands from war,
Egypt would respect Israel’s other land claims; accords not
completely followed, Sadat (Egypt) assassinated |
|
|
Term
| Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979 |
|
Definition
American hostages taken by US-
hating Shiites upon Shah’s flight from uprising, botched rescue
attempts |
|
|
Term
| Soviet invasion of Afghanistan |
|
Definition
despite CIA-sponsored Soviet
resistance, Afghanistan taken by Soviet Union; ended détente
between USSR and US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
drastic cutbacks in regulation of business by the
federal government (banks, transportation, communications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decisive victory to Reagan due to his appeal
over Carter (now unpopular due to lack of success in the presidency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
offered a New Deal (reminiscent of
FDR) of smaller government, reduced taxes, and free enterprise;
Washington outsider |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
belief in minimal government so as to allow the
people their own free reign, lower taxes to stimulate economy, &c. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
belief in minimal government so as to allow the
people their own free reign, lower taxes to stimulate economy, &c. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
political action for religion justified by decreased
presence of religion in society; Pat Robertson’s Christian Coalition
to expand national influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
capitalism would become productive when
uninhibited by taxes and regulation |
|
|
Term
| Supply-side economics, tax cuts |
|
Definition
tax cuts to increase population
spending (help economy), drastic cutting back on government
programs due to lack of funds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
guerilla army sponsored by CIA to attack
procommunist revolutionaries in Nicaragua; fear of another Vietnam |
|
|
Term
| “Evil Empire” speech, “Star Wars” |
|
Definition
Reagan called the Soviet
Union an “evil empire”; Korean passenger plane shot down near
Moscow (increased anti-Soviet rhetoric); Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI) used space-based lasers as defense from nuclear attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soviet leader undergoing tensions on
superpower and domestic level |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987) |
|
Definition
Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove and destroy nuclear
weapons from Eastern and Western Europe; eased international
tension and allowed Soviet domestic reforms to take place |
|
|
Term
| Fall of communism in Eastern Europe (1989) |
|
Definition
Gorbachev
announced Soviet withdrawal of power from all of Eastern Europe,
including Berlin (wall torn down, free movement, &c.) |
|
|
Term
| Fall of Soviet Union (1991) |
|
Definition
– Gorbachev decreased nuclear
arsenals, Communist Party lost power, Boris Yeltsin (president of
Russian Republic) led Muscovites to take control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
economic recession (collapse of savings-
and-loan industry, increasing deficit due to Reagan tax cuts, retail
decreased, higher crime rate) |
|
|
Term
Economic transition to service economy in late 20th century (end
of industrialism) |
|
Definition
– higher focus on services (esp. education) rather
than material products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carried on Reaganomics, Gulf War,
Savings and Loan Scandal |
|
|
Term
| Gulf War, “Operation: Desert Storm” (1991) |
|
Definition
Saddam
Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal to
abandon Iraqi occupation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of
economy and problems of middle class (Clinton) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of
economy and problems of middle class (Clinton) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scholarly, welfare-reform, “Contract with
America,” impeachment over Monica Lewinski Scandal, War in
Kosovo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ended exclusion of homosexuals from
military; due to controversy, compromise of “don’t ask, don’t tell”
instituted |
|
|
Term
| North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA (1994) |
|
Definition
established free trade zone between Canada, United States and
Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets |
|
|
Term
| “Contract with America” (1994) |
|
Definition
Newt Gingrich (Republican
congressman) planned for success of Republican party in upcoming
election by pledging tax cuts, congressional term limits, tougher
crime laws, balanced budget amendment, popular reforms &c. |
|
|
Term
| Clinton impeachment (1997) |
|
Definition
helped approval ratings, not
removed from office despite all the efforts of Republican
congressmen |
|
|
Term
| Clinton impeachment (1997) |
|
Definition
helped approval ratings, not
removed from office despite all the efforts of Republican
congressmen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gore promising with experience, Bush
appealing by family influence and plans for presidency (tax cuts,
education reform, defense, &c.) |
|
|
Term
| 9/11 Terrorist Attacks on NYC & DC (2001) |
|
Definition
planes hijacked by
terrorists for destruction; blame pinned on Al Qaeda and Osama bin
Laden, sought out in attempt to completely destroy terrorism |
|
|
Term
| Invasion of Afghanistan (2002) |
|
Definition
overthrow of the Taliban, in
search of bin Laden |
|
|
Term
| Invasion of Iraq, removal of Saddam Hussein, 2003 |
|
Definition
Iran, Iraq,
and North Korea designated as the “axis of evil,” institution of
democratic government in Iraq to replace Hussein’s dictatorship
(return to spread and protection of democracy throughout the world,
moving beyond containment of communism) |
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|
