-1861-1865

-Northern Union vs Southern Confederacy

-Cause: In 1860, South Carolina passed secession ordinance. In 1861, the South (7 states=Confederate Sates of America) left the Union

-Effects:North=commercialization+industrialization of agriculture boosted rapidly; labor movement grew; gov't was active in economy control; women took jobs left by soldiers

South=started industrializing; women took over men's tasks; short of food 

-1862

-gov't granted 160 acres free of charge to anyone who would farm it for at least 5 years 

-westard expansion; gov't transferred large tracts of the public domain to individual settlers; encouraged the immigration of Europeans; 

-1863

-created to ficilitate the financing of the war through credit expansion=banks that joined the National Banking System can buy gov't bonds and issue sound paper $.

-landmark of the war; the first step towards a unified national banking network since 1836, when the Bank of the United States was killed by Andrew Jackson

-Confederacy: 

Robert E. Lee: the Seven Days' Battles, 1862

Stonewall Jackson: Bull Run, 1861

-Union:

Ulysses S. Grant: Battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi

A. Lincoln: Gettysburg Address

Sherman: March to the Sea; total war; Field Order #15(give the Southern land to slaves; failed)

-Jan. 1, 1863

-Lincoln announced it after the Battle of Antietam to free the slaves;

-It freed slaves in the states in rebellion against the U.S. It undermined the labor of the South. It was a threat to the South.

-1865

-A U.S. gov't agency that was developed to aid freed slaves during the Reconstruction Era. It provided food, education, clothing, and generally looked after the interests of former slaves. 

-It also settled disputes between white and black southerners. Many white people were worried that the government was funding the freedmen's Bureau out of the white workers pocket. This created much controversy.

10% Plan

-1863

-Lincoln's policy; applied in Louisiana, Tennessee and Arkansas in 1864

-decreed that Southern states could only be admitted into the Union after 10% of their citizens had voted allegiance to the United States and supported emancipation. A new state gov't could be formed by then. Only those who had taken the oath could vote and participate in the gov't.

-1864

-By radical republican led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner in the congress

-a bill that was less lenient than the 10% plan (Lincoln). It allowed the Southern States back into the Union if they took the Ironclad Oath to the effect that they never supported the Confederacy. 

-It demanded that, to be readmitted, states had to have: (1) a majority of white citizens participating in the new gov’t, (2) all voters/delegates under an oath declaring they never helped the Confederates, and (3) no votes for lieutenants and above and officials. 

 -Was pocket-vetoed by Lincoln. 

-1865

-outlaws slavery within the U.S.

gave the Congress the pwr to enforce the law

-1866-1870, president after Lincoln's assassination who continued the presidential reconstruction

-a Democrat, white supremacist and former slaveholder from a poor southern background who supported yeomen farmers and hated southern aristocrats

-followed Lincoln's policies for pardoning Southerners

-Saw Reconstruction as power of the executive--not legislative

-opposed political rights for the freedmen; He supported states' rights

-vetoed the Civil Right Act

-1866

-guaranteed citizenship to any person born in the U.S.

reduced representation in Congress of states that did not allow blacks to vote; forbade the paying of confederate debt, and made former confederates ineligible to hold public office, all people were equal under the law and were given due process. If S. states didn’t let blacks vote, they were to have their representation reduced proportionally, which irritated supporters of the women’s rights movement.

-1866

-gave the right to suffrage specifically to African American males.

-made white females angry. This was insulting especially to the southern white women. African Americans had been considered animals a couple of years ago and now the ‘animals’ were getting the right to vote. This put African Americans higher up on the social ladder.

-Also, many white men were very angry at this law because they still believed blacks to be inferior, and could not stand to have the same rights as people they considered to be inequal.

-1867 

-by the Republicans

-all Cabinet members chosen by the president must be approved by the Senate. Johnson violeted the act and almost got impeached-he dismissed Stanton due to his different political views

-forbid Johnson to dismiss Cabinet memebers w/o the Senate's permission

-Republicans took control of Reconstruction in 1867 by passing the First/Military Reconstruction Act, which divided the South into five military districts subject to martial law.

-Southern states were required to hold new constitutional conventions, guarantee universal manhood suffrage, and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before they would be readmitted to the Union

-Invalidated the new governments established under Johnson and limited Johnson's executive power

- Under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson when the president was the main leader behind reconstruction.

-Lincoln's 10% Plan--leinience

-Johnson offered a pardon to all white southerners except confederate leaders and wealthy planters and allowed them to create new governments.  Blacks didn’t have a role in the process and Johnson ordered nearly all the land in the hands of the government returned to its pre-war owners.

-Northern Whites who moved to the South during the Reconstruction Era.

-most are veterans from the Union Army, agents of the Freedman's Bureau, businessmen invested in cotton enterprises(well-educated middle class)

-They wanted to reform the South by introducing free labor, free public schools, developing sources

-small population, big role in Southern politics

-Southerners gave the name to Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party.

-mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters.

-they wanted modernization and economic expansion

-they sought relief from wartime devastation 

-1866-present

-Supremacist organization; founded as TN social club in 1866 as a reaction to AA uprising in politics, terrorized black and white Republicans in LA, GA to keep them from voting; advocates in an extreme manner for white supremacy. Members tageted and murdered freedmen and their allies.

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-Post Civil War

-Northerners wanted Southerners to break up their land and to give all the newly freed slaves 40 acres and a mule.

-labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools in exchange for a share of the laborers' crop (1/3-1/2)

-from slave to sharecropper 

-On the cotton and tobacco plantations in the South. all family members, as black families rented individual spots of land. 

-Although the system afforded workers some autonomy, it kept most in a state of poverty and impeded the South's economic development.

-Sharecroppers required seeds in order to grow cotton, so they took a loan from the white Southern landowners to buy the seeds.

-White middlemen would convince the sharecroppers that the cotton was worth much less money than it actually was, so the sharecroppers were struck in debt.

-1876 during Reconstruction

-one of the first times that AA demanded equality, education, and more economic opportunities

-post war boom ended in 1873 triggered an economic depression from commercial overexpansion to rairoad investment: banks corrupted, half rr deflated bonds, 18000 biz shut down, unemployment rate=15% 

-calls to gov't to creat jobs were rejected

-people were angry at big corporations that showed great power

Hayes promised to show consideration for Southern interests, end Reconstruction, and withdraw the remaining federal troops from the south in exchange for democratic acquiescence to his election.

many industrial leaders used the doctrines associated with the “Gospel of Wealth” to justify the unequal distribution of natural wealth. Self-justification by the wealthy was based on the notion that God had granted wealth as he had given grace from material and spiritual salvation to a select few. These few, according to William Sumner, relied heavily on the survival of the fittest philosophy associated with Charles Darwin.

vertical integration(control of all aspects of production of an enterprise): Rockefeller's Standard Oil; Anaconda Mining Company

horizontal integration(buying out competitors over a single product)=U.S. Steel by Carnegie

-1869, Knights of Labor, accepted everyone, founded by Terence Powderly, Utopian life, they eventually went under in 1886 in the Haymarket Square

-1886, American Federation of Labor; specific trade Unionism, only skilled artisans(excluded women, immi, AA); founded by Samuel Gompers, cigar maker; 8-hour work day, better pay, safer condition

-1905, Industrial Workers of the World