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APUSH court cases
from http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/supreme-court-cases/ap-us-history-supreme-court-cases/
36
History
11th Grade
05/08/2012

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Term
Marbury v. Madison
Definition
(1803, Marshall). The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review
Term
Fletcher v. Peck
Definition
(1810, Marshall). The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts.
Term
McCulloch v. Maryland
Definition
(1819, Marshall). The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.
Term
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Definition
(1819, Marshall). New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.
Term
Gibbons v. Ogden
Definition
(1824, Marshall). Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce
Term
Johnson v. McIntosh
Definition
(1823, Marshall). Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.
Term
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Definition
(1831, Marshall). "The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.
Term
Worcester v. Georgia
Definition
 (1832, Marshall). Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries, i.e. the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive."
Term
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Definition
 (1837, Taney). The interests of the community are more important than the interests of business; the supremacy of society’s interest over private interest.
Term
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Definition
(1842). Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon
Term
Scott v. Sanford
Definition
Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott’s residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
Term
Ex parte Milligan
Definition
(1866). Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available.
Term
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Definition
(A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems). Legalized segregation with regard to private property.
Term
Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
Definition
(1886). Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.
Term
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota
Definition
Found that Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property.
Term
Pollock v. The Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co.
Definition
(1895). Declared the income tax under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff to be unconstitutional.
Term
U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co.
Definition
(1895). Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.
Term
Plessy v. Ferguson
Definition
(1896). Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
Term
"Insular Cases" / Downes v. Bidwell
Definition
1901. Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U. S. From U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."
Term
Northern Securities Co. v. U. S.
Definition
(1904). Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
Term
Lochner v. New York
Definition
(1905). Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.
Term
Muller v. Oregon
Definition
(1908). First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.
Term
Hammer v. Dagenhart
Definition
(1918). Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.
Term
Schenck v. U. S.
Definition
(1919). Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."
Term
Korematsu v. U. S.
Definition
(1941). The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.
Term
Ex parte Endo
Definition
 (1944). The court forbade the internment of Japanese-Americans born in the U. S. (Nisei)
Term
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Definition
 (1954, Warren). Unanimous decision declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional.
Term
Gideon v. Wainwright
Definition
(1963). Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay. (Right to a lawyer.)
Term
Escobedo v. Illinois
Definition
(1964). Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.
Term
Miranda v. Arizona
Definition
(1966). The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.
Term
Roe v. Wade
Definition
(1973). The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
Term
U. S. v. Richard Nixon
Definition
(1974). The court rejected Richard Nixon’s claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process.
Term
Bakke v. Regents of the University of California
Definition
 (1978). Ambiguous ruling by a badly divided court that dealt with affirmative action programs that used race as a basis of selecting participants. The court general upheld affirmative action, but with a 4/4/1 split, it was a very weak decision.
Term
Clinton v. Jones
Definition
(1997). Rejecting an appeal by Pres. Clinton in a sexual harassment suit, the Court ruled that a sitting president did not have temporary immunity from a lawsuit for actions outside the realm of official duties.
Term
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
Definition
 (2000). The Court ruled that the Boy Scouts of America could dismiss a troop leader after learning he was gay, holding that the right to freedom of association outweighed a New Jersey anti - discrimination statute.
Term
Bush v. Gore
Definition
 (2000). The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election.
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