Term
| V/F: The population of the post-civil war republic continued to plunder |
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Definition
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Term
| The civic health did or did not keep pace w/ population growth? Why? |
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Definition
| No, war made wasted, extravagance, speculation (buying up cheap land/sell expensive...), and graft (the acquisition of money, gain, or advantage by dishonest, unfair, or illegal means) |
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Term
What "soured" people on professional politicians in the Reconstruction era?
What kind of person did the people want to see as in office? |
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Definition
-Wrangling between Congress/Andrew Johnson
-Wanted general as President |
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Term
| The __ party (who was happy to be free from the __ party), nominated ___ for presidency in 1868. |
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Definition
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Term
The Republicans' 1868 platform did WHAT?
BUT.... |
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Definition
pushed for continued Reconstruction by military force.
But Grant wanted peace |
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Term
| In 1868, the Democrats denounced ___, but were split on ___ (explain). |
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Definition
military reconstruction, bonds (and most other stuff)
EASTERN WEALTHY wanted federal war bonds be redeemed in gold; bonds were purchased with depreciated greenbacks
{{POOR MIDWESTERN PEOPLE (agrarians)wanted to keep more money in circulation and keep interest rates lower}}<---OHIO IDEA=IMPORTANT |
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Term
-Who was the 1868 Democratic candidate?
-Where was he from?
-Why were midwesterners happy/not happy?
-How'd he blow the election? |
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Definition
-Horatio Seymour
-Former gov. of NY
-got platform (Ohio Idea) but not candidate
-repeated Ohio Idea |
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Term
How did Republicans win the election?
What was their slogan? |
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Definition
-"waved the bloody shirt," or brought up gory memories of the war
-"Vote as You Shot" |
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Term
Who voted (demographic-wise) for Seymour?
A minority gave Grant his margin of victory. What minority? How many votes?
Whose voted were not counted? |
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Definition
-white voters
-slaves
-MI/TX VA |
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Term
| In the postwar era, cynics defined an honest politician as__ |
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Definition
| one who would stay bought when bought |
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Term
| What were two big crook professions? How so? |
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Definition
-Railroad promoters (sold bad stocks)
-stock market (manipulators) |
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Term
| Who were the famous gold crooks in 1869? How'd they do it? |
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Definition
-"Jubilee Jim" Fisk<---brass and Jay Gould<---brains
-cornered gold market when federal Treasury refrained from selling gold
-used Grant, brother-in-law
-bid price of gold skyward on Black Friday
-bubble broke when treasury was compelled to release gold |
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Term
| A congressional probe determined that Grant was not/guilty of crookery in the Fisk/Gould incident |
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Definition
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Term
NAME THAT MAN:
William Marcy Tweed |
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Definition
-nickname (boss)
-Tweed Ring of NY
-employed bribery, graft, fraudulent elections
-stole $200 mil
-weighed 240 lbs
-Protesters found their tax assessments raised. |
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Term
NAME THAT MAN:
"good graft" guy |
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Definition
| Plunkitt (bought up proposed park land) |
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Term
NAME THAT MAN:
wrote bad cartoons about Tweed |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first (not just Nast) to bring down Tweed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was Tweed mad about Nast's cartoons |
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Definition
| illiterate followers could see it |
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Term
| What judge sentenced Tweed to jail? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one family who had really close (corrupt) relations w/ Grant |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Grant's cabinet like? |
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Definition
| Paid him w/ cigars, wines, and horses |
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Term
| DEFINE: Crédit Mobilier scandal |
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Definition
1872:
-Union Pacific Railraod insiders had formed the Crédit Mobilier construction company
-and then cleverly hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line,
-earning dividends as high as 348%
-Fearing that Confress would catch them, the company distributed shares of its valuable stock to key congressmen
-A newspaper expose and a congressional investigation led to...
-2 congressmen censured
-vice president caught with CM payments |
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Term
| "in 1874-5 the sprawling ____ Ring robbed the Treasury of $# in ____ revenues." |
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Definition
| "in 1874-5 the sprawling Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues." |
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Term
| Who was the Secretary of War in 1876? Why did he resign? |
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Definition
| Belkin, pocketed bribes from suppliers (of Whiskey) to the Indian reservations. |
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Term
| What happened to Grant's "let no thief escape" w/ the Whiskey Ring? |
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Definition
| his secretary was caught, so he prepared a written statement to the jury to help him out |
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Term
DEFINE:
Liberal Republicans |
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Definition
-"Turn the Rascals Out"
-urged purification of the Washington administration
-wanted to end milt. Reconstruction
-screwed up w/ nominating Horace Greeley |
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Term
NAME THAT MAN:
Horace Greeley |
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Definition
-Liberal Republicans/Democrats 1872
-editor of NY Tribune
-dogmatic/emotional/petulant/unsound in political judgement |
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Term
| Why was it strange that the Democrats endorsed Greeley? |
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Definition
called them
-traitors
-slave strippers
-saloon keepers
-horse thieves
-idiots |
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Term
| Why did the Democrats endorse Greeley? |
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Definition
| he pleaded for clasping hands across the "bloody chasm" |
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Term
| Why were the two candidates in 1872 er...bad? |
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Definition
-both made their careers outside of politics
-unqualified w/ training/temperament |
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Term
| Republicans accused Greeley of... |
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Definition
-atheism
-communism
-free-love
-vegetarianism
-brown-bread eater
-co-signer of Jefferson Davis's bail bond |
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Term
| The Democrats called Grant... |
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Definition
an
-ignoramus
-drunkard
-swindler |
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Term
Define: amnesty act of 1872
Name two other reforms |
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Definition
-removed political disabilties from all but some 500 former Confed leaders (Repub act)
-reduce high Civil War tariffs
-fumigate Grant admin w/ mild civil-service reform |
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Term
-When in Grant's presidencies was there an economic meltdown?
-How'd it happen? |
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Definition
-1873
-promoters made too many railroad tracks, mines, factories, and grainfields than the market was able to support
-bankers gave out bad loans
*Sigh* |
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Term
| How many businesses went bankrupt in the 1873? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did riots occur in response to economic troubles of 1873? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the name of the company that made $_ of unsecured loans to banks that went under? (hurt black Americans) |
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Definition
$7 mil
Freedman's Savings and Trust Company |
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Term
| (1873) Who was for inflation? What other policies did they encourage? |
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Definition
| Debtors, issuing more greenbacks |
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Term
| Define: hard/soft money debate (who won?) |
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Definition
-soft- put more greenbacks in, = cheaper money= rising prices/easier-to-pay debts (helped agrarians)
-hard-rich creditors
-hard money won |
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Term
Define:
Resumption Act of 1875 |
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Definition
-further gov't withdrawal of greenbacks
-redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value |
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Term
|
Definition
-Treasury unrealistically maintained that silver was 1/16 of an ounce of gold when open-market prices for silver were higher
-silver miners stopped selling to the feds
-feds had to stop silver currency in 1873
-Later in the 70s, new silver discoveries shot production up and silver prices down.
-people rallied for the "dollar of our daddies" (more silver)
-people wanted more inflation |
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Term
| How was the silver hooplah defeated? |
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Definition
-Grant saved the day (to combat those nasty poor people)
-Treasury began to accumulate gold stocks against the day of resumption of metallic-money payments
-also reduced greenbacks
-all called "contraction" |
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Term
| what were 4 effects of contraction? |
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Definition
-money per capita decreased from $19.42 to $19.37
-worsened the impact of the depression
-restored gov't credit rating
-brought greenbacks up to full face value |
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Term
| What were the political effects of Republican hard-money policy? (2) |
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Definition
-Democratic House of Representatives in '74
-Greenback Labor Party formed in '78
(got over 1 mil votes, elected 14 members of Congress) |
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Term
| What was the three-decade-long post-Civil War era named? By whom? |
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Definition
| "The Gilded Age," Mark Twain |
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Term
| "Dems/Repubs saw eye-to-eye on..." |
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Definition
| tariffs,civil service reform, currency reform (Majority agreed) |
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Term
| What was partisanship like in The Gilded Age? |
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Definition
-ferociously partisan, tightly/efficiently organized
-ran along ethnic lines |
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Term
| Who ran with who in the 1876 election? |
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Definition
{-Rutherford B. Hayes
-William A. Wheeler} Repub (Rice -Boston gov, Knight for Lieut. Gov, Field for rep)
{-Tilden/Hendricks - Dem. Also Charles Francis Adams for gov, Plunkett for Lieut. gov. |
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Term
| How were the two parties separated? |
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Definition
-Repubs - Puritannical, thought that gov't should play a role in regulating economic/moral affairs of society
-Dems - Lutheran/Roman Catholic (less human weakness) didn't want a single moral code for society |
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Term
| What were two issues that "loomed at large" at the local level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name Democrat geographic distribution |
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Definition
-South
-N industrial cities (w/ political machines) |
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Term
| Name Republican geographic distribution |
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Definition
-Midwest,
-rural/small-town NE
-Grand Army of the Republic - organization w/ Civil War vets |
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Term
|
Definition
-stalwart faction led by "Lord Roscoe" Conkling of NY
-supported swapping civil service jobs for votes |
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Term
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Definition
-versus the Conklinglites(/"Stalwarts")
-Led by Blaine of Maine
-really wanted to civil service themselves
-stalemated w/ Conklingites |
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Term
| What happened when Grant was convinced to run for a third term? |
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Definition
| Congress (overwhelmingly Dems) opposed it. Also, no dictator thing |
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Term
| Who was "The Great Unknown"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Hayes' formost qualification? |
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Definition
| Governored in Ohio, a swing state |
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Term
| V/F: Hayes was a candidate in favor of the Conklingite platform |
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Definition
| Falsum. Them and the Half-Breeds neutralized one another, so he was a compromise candidate |
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Term
| Who was the Dem nominee in 1876? What did he campaign against? |
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Definition
-Tilden (Tweed convict-er)
-Repub scandal |
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Term
| Tilden racked up _ electoral votes of the needed _. Did he win the popular vote? |
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Definition
| 184/185. Yes (by 250 thou) |
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Term
| By the _Amendment, electoral returns in the state ___ |
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Definition
-12
-are to be opened by pres of Senate in front of cong/house |
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Term
| Which 3 states were contested when they sent dem/repub electoral returns? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the Repubs defeat the filibuster by Dems in the electoral votes? And when? What was the margin? |
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Definition
Part of the Compromise of 1877
-8-7 margin for Repubs
-settled issue 3 days before inauguration
Repub concessions...
-repeal troops from two South states left (LA/SC)
-supported Pacific/TX continental railroad construction<--not kept |
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Term
| How was the electoral deadlock broken? |
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Definition
-Electoral Count Act (1877)
-set up electoral commission selected from Senate, House, and Supreme Ct |
|
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Term
| why did Dems make a filibuster? |
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Definition
| -Republican majority voted republican in FL |
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Term
| What was a negative side effect of the Compromise of 1877? |
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Definition
| -nixed racial equality from Repub agenda, let Dems restore Jim Crow laws |
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Term
| Define: Civil Rights Act of 1875 |
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Definition
| -supposedly guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, but the law was born toothless and remained that way for nearly a century |
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Term
| Define: Civil Rights Cases |
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Definition
-1883
-declared Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
-14th Amendment prohibited only gov't violations of human rights, but not individuals |
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Term
| How did there get to be 9 Supreme Ct people? |
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Definition
| Grant added 2 more to sway issues in his favor |
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Term
| Composition of Electoral Commission, 1877 |
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Definition
R/D
Senate - 3/2
House: - 2/3
Ct - 3/2 |
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Term
"Shamelessly relying on fraud and intimidation, '___' instated Jim Crow Laws
people who protested faced... |
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Definition
-Redeemers (White Dems)
-unemployment/eviction/physical harm |
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Term
| Blacks and poor whites sustained themselves HOW after the civ war? |
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Definition
-sharecropping, aka "crop-lien" system
-storekeepers extend credit to small farmers for food and supplies and in return took a lien on their harvests (which many manipulated to have blacks perpetually in debt)
-often through former masters
- |
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Term
| At this "weigh up," the "___" calculates meager payment |
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Definition
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Term
| When did lynchings spike? Fall? Disappear? |
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Definition
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Term
| To ensure black disenfranchisement, what was put in place? |
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Definition
| -literacy requirements,voter registration laws, and poll taxes |
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Term
| Define: court case that riled "separate but equal" facilities okay under 14th Amendment |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the Chinese Exclusion Act pass? Repeal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: court case that said 14th Amendment guaranteed native born were citizens, parents don't matter |
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Definition
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Term
"In San Fran, NATIONALITY-born demagouge ___ incited his followers to violent abuses of the hapless Chinese"
What foods did they talk about? |
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Definition
Irish, Denis Kearney
Beef/rice |
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Term
| Where was the last picture in this section from ? (Chinese one) |
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Definition
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Term
| How did people terrorize Chinese men? |
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Definition
| Cut off ponytails or murdered them |
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Term
| Racist name for new Chinese immigrants? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1877, what happened to the railroads? |
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Definition
-presidents of the nation's four largest railroads cut workers' wages by 10%
-People struck back
-Hayes sent out Fed troops to qualm them
-work stoppages took place
-more than 100 people died at the end of all of this |
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Term
| Who were the majority of early Chinese immigrants? (after gold rush) |
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Definition
| poor, uneducated, single males from the Tishan district of K'uang-t'ung province. Many went back home after gold petered out and railroads were done |
|
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Term
| what were the lives like of the Chinese immigrants who stayed in America? |
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Definition
-menial jobs
-no women/families
-trouble assimilating |
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