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| the increasing interdependence of citizens and nations across the world |
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| the legitimate use of force to control human behavior; also, the organization or agency authorized to exercise that force |
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| the rule of law to preserve life and protect property, oldest purpose of government |
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| believed preserving life was the most important function of government, "state of nature" w/out gov. |
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| believed protection of life, liberty, and property was the basic objective of government; strongly influenced the Declaration of Independence |
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| the belief that states should leave individuals free to follow their individual pursuits |
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| a political system in which ownership of all land and productive facilities is in the hands of the people, the production and distribution of goods are controlled by an authoritarian government |
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| an absence of constraints on behavior, as in freedom of speech or freedom of religion |
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| immunity, as in freedom from want |
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| equality in political decision making; one vote per person, with all votes counted equally |
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| equality in wealth, education, and status |
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| the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life |
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| the concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design politicies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved |
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| What was the original dilemma for government? |
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| What is the modern dilemma of government? |
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| a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government |
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| a political philosophy that advocates unlimited power for the government to enable it to control all sectors of society |
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| a form of rule in which the central government plays a strong role in regulating existing private industry and directing the economy, although it does allow some private ownership of productive capacity |
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| a socialist form of government that guarantees civil liberties such as freedom of speech and religion, citizens determine the extent of government activity through free elections and competitive political parties |
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| the system of government that favors free enterprise (privately owned businesses operating without government regulation) |
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| a political ideology that is opposed to all government action except as necessary to protect life and property |
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| a political philosophy that opposes government in any form |
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- value freedom more than order but not more that equality
- oppose laws that ban sexually explicit publications
- support affirmative action
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- value freedom more than equality but would restrict freedom to preserve social order
- oppose affirmative action
- favor laws that restrict pornography
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| a system of government in which the power to govern is concentrated in the hands of one individual |
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| a system of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a few people (military) |
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| a system of government in which, in theory, the people rule, either directly or indirectly |
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| Procedural democratic theory |
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| a view of democracy as being embodied in a decision-making process that involves universal participation, political equality, majority rule, and responsiveness |
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| Substantive democracy theory |
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| the view that democracy is embodied in the substance of government policies rather than in the policymaking procedure |
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Representative democracy
(Indirect) |
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| a system of government where citizens elect public officials to govern on their behalf |
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| Majoritarian model of democracy |
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| the classical theory of democracy in which government by the people is interpreted as government by the majority of the people |
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| Pluralist model of democracy |
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| an interpretation of democracy in which government by the people is taken to mean government by people operating through competing interest groups |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
| drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain |
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| the belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes |
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| a government without a monarch; a government rooted in the consent of the governed, whose power is exercised by elected representatives responsible to the governed |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| the compact among the thirteen original states that established the first government of the US |
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Term
| Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? |
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Definition
- did not give the national government the power to tax
- made no provision for an independent leader
- did not allow gov. to regulate interstate and commerce
- could not amend articles w/out unanimous agreement of states and congress
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| a set of proposals for a new government, submitted to the Constitutional Convention of 1787; included separation of the government into three branches, division of the legislature into two houses, and proportional representation in the legislature |
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| the lawmaking branch of gov |
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| the law-enforcing branch of gov |
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| the law-interpreting branch of government |
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| submitted by the head of the New Jersey delegation to the Constitutional Convention, a set of nine resolutions that would have, in effect, preserved the Articles of Confederation by amending rather than replacing them |
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| a plan calling for a bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to population and the states would be represented equally in the Senate |
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| a body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice president |
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| a form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives |
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| the division of power between a central government and regional governments |
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| the assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of government |
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| a government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches |
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| the powers explicitly granted to Congress |
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Term
| Necessary and proper clause |
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Definition
| gives Congress the means to execute its enumerated powers |
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Term
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| those powers that Congress needs to execute its enumerated powers |
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Term
| What are checks that the Legislative branch has over the Executive and Judicial branches? |
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Definition
Executive: confirm executive appointments, override executive veto, reject foreign treaties
Judicial: impeach, create or eliminate courts |
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| What can the Executive branch do over the Legislative and Judicial? |
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Definition
Legislative: veto legislation
Judicial: grant pardons, nominate judges
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| What can the Judicial branch do over the Legislative and Executive? |
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Definition
Legislative: review legislative acts
Executive: review executive acts, issue injunctions |
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| the power to declare congressional acts invalid because they violate the Constitution |
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| asserts that national laws take precedence over state and local laws when they conflict |
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Definition
| gave states with large slave populations greater representation in Congress than states with small slave populations |
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| James Madison claimed through a serious of papers that the Constitution was not going to be run by a faction |
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| the first ten amendments to the Constitution, prevent the nation government from tampering with fundamental rights and civil liberties, and emphasize the limited character of national power |
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Term
| How are amendments proposed? |
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Definition
| two-thirds vote of members present in both houses of Congress or national convention by Congress at request of two-thirds of state legislatures |
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Term
| How are amendments ratified? |
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Definition
| three-fourths of state legislatures or constitutional conventions in three-fourths of the states |
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Definition
| Supreme Court declared that the courts have the power to nullify government acts that conflict with the Constitution (judicial review) |
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| the idea that all rights not specifically conferred on the national government by the US Constitution are reserved to the states |
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Definition
Supreme Court expanded the role of the national government
(Congress had the power to charter a bank) |
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| a temporary committee created to work out differences between the House and Senate versions of a specific peice of legislation |
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| the presiding officer of the House of Representatives |
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| the head of the majority party in the Senate; the second-highest-ranking member of the majority party in the House |
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| a delaying tactic, used in the Senate, that involves speechmaking to prevent action on a piece of legislation |
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| the mechanism by which a filibuster is cut off in the Senate |
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Definition
| people who live and vote in a government official's district or state |
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Definition
| a representative who is obligated to consider the views of constituents but is not obligated to vote according to those views if he or she beleives they are misguided |
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| a legislatore whose primary responsibility is to represent the majority view of his or her constituents, regardless of his or her own view |
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Term
| What are the powers of the President? |
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Definition
- serve as administrative head of the nation
- act as commander in chief of the military
- convene congress
- veto legislation
- appoint various officials
- make treaties
- grant pardons
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| authority claimed by the president that is not clearly specified in the Constitution |
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Definition
| a large, complex organization in which employees have specific job responsibilities and work within a hierarchy of authority |
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Definition
| a court within the lower teir of the three-teired federal court system; a court where litigation begins |
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Definition
| a court within the second teir of the three-teired federal court system, to which decisions of the district courts and federal agencies may be appealed for review |
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| a judicial ruling that serves as the basis for the ruling in a subsequent case |
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| the authority of a court to hear a case before any other court does |
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| the authority of a court to hear cases that have been tired, decided, or reexamined in other courts |
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| a judicial philosophy whereby judges adhere closely to statutes and precedents in reaching their decisions |
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| a judicial philosophy wherby judges interpret existing laws and precedents loosely and interject their own values in court decisions |
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| Conventional Participation |
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Definition
| voting, writing letters to public officials |
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| Unconventional Participation |
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Definition
| staging sit-down strikes, chanting slogans outside officials' windows |
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| the process for removing an elected officials from office |
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| an election on a policy issue |
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| a procedure by which voters can propose an issue to be decided by the legislature or by the people in a referendum, requires gathering a specified number of sugnatures and submitting a petition to a designated agency |
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| an organization that sponsors candidates for political office under the organization's name |
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Definition
| a closed meeting of the member of a political party to decide questions of policy and the selection of candidates for office |
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| Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act |
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Definition
| a law passed in 2002 governing campaign financing |
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Definition
| an organized group of individuals that seeks to influence public policy |
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Definition
| a representative of an interest group |
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| Political Action Committee |
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Definition
| an organization that pools campaign contributions from group members and donates those funds to candidates for political office |
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Definition
| involves and interest group to write letter campaigns and protests, telegrams, emails, telephone calls |
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Definition
| freedoms guaranteed to individuals |
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| powers or privileges guaranteed to the individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals |
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| the first clause in the First Amendment, which forbids government establishment of religion |
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Definition
| the second clause in the First Amendment, which prevents the government from interpreting with the exercise of religion |
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| censorship before publication |
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| a means by which the Supreme Court has distinguished between speech as the advocacy of ideas, which is protected by the First Amendment, and speech as incitement, which is not protected |
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| a law that pronounces an individual guilty of a crime without a trial |
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Definition
| a law that declares an action to be criminal after it has been performed |
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Definition
| statements concerning rights that police are required to make to a person before he or she is subjected to in-custody questioning |
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| the judicial rule that states that evidence obtained in an illegal search and seizure cannot be used in trial |
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Definition
| expanded thet ability of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to tap phones, monitor Internet traffic, and conduct other forms of surveillance in pursuit of terrorists |
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