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| 1521; Diet - German parliament/assembly; Held in Worms, Germany and led by Charles V of the HRE; Forbade association with Martin Luther |
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| Mid-16th c. defensive alliance of German/Lutheran princes. 1546 war with France; goal to replace HRE |
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| Peace of Westphalia (1648) |
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| 1648; Renewed Peace of Augsburg (1555); German states determined religion but Calvinism was added to Lutheranism and Catholicism; Catholic claims to territories were abandoned. |
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| Council of Trent (1545-1563) |
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| 1545-1563; Italy; Catholic officials met to reform and combat the spread of Protestantism. Heresy, indulgences, papal infallibility, corruption, transubstantiation, Jesuit order all addressed. |
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| Luther's doctrine for salvation - that faith alone, not faith and good works - is needed. This is at the heart of Protestantism |
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| In the RCC, a declaration by church authorities that those who say certain prayers or do good deeds will have some or all of their punishment in purgatory remitted. The unrestricted sale of indulgences as a fund raising effort (Tetzel)put Luther over the edge! |
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| Ninety-Five Theses (1517) |
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| 1517; A list of 95 grievances with the RCC written by Martin Luther and posted on the castle door in Wittenburg. |
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| Peasants Revolt (1524-25) |
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| 1524; Germany; Peasants, enlightened by Luther's statements of equality under God's law, demanded regulation of rents, security of common village rights, etc. Luther repudiated them and encouraged princes to suppress the revolt. Thousands died. |
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| 1555; Treaty between Charles V & Schmalkaldic League - "cuius regio, eius religio," = whose region, his religion... as long as religion was either Catholic or Lutheran |
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| Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) |
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| 1536; Published by John Calvin and addressed to the world; Appealed to human reason and justification of faith |
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| Calvin's theory and foundation of Calvinism; Idea that everyone is predestined to go to Heaven (the Elect) or Hell by God; All grace comes from God alone. |
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| 1534; England Parliament passed declared the English king to be the "Protector and Only Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England" |
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| St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) |
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| 1491-1556; Spain; Christian soldier who established the Society of Jesus - Jesuits |
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| Index of Prohibited Books (1559) |
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| 1559; List of prohibited books published by the Holy See to suppress knowledge of heretics |
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| Authorized by Pope Paul III in 1540, the Jesuits constituted a monastic order that focused on civic participation and education in the affairs of the world |
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| 1618; Beginning of the Thirty Years' War - Bohemian Phase (1618-1625); the Bohemians feared losing Protestant liberties under new emperor so they threw HRE officials out a window |
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| Edict of Restitution (1629) |
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| 1629; Following Catholic success in Thirty Years' War, attempt by Ferdinand II to impose and restore religious and territorial situations reached in Peace of Augsburg (1555) |
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| Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632) |
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| 1594-1632; Lutheran king of Sweden; created most modern army but died in Thirty Years' War |
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| Basic freedoms by Germans that allowed each state determine their religion without Catholic claims - upheld by Peace of Westphalia |
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| 1579; Seven northern provinces of Netherlands gained independence from Spain; now called the United Provinces of Netherlands --- Holland |
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| Sir Francis Drake (1540-4596) |
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| 1540-1596; "Most spectacular Seadog," He led the English attack on Spain prior to the Armada |
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| "politicals;" Moderate Catholic and Protestants leaders who put the ideals of the state above religion. |
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) |
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| 1572; Initiated by Catherine de Medici, thousands of Huguenots were unceremoniously murdered on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris |
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| 1598; Issued by Henry IV of France ("Paris is well worth a mass"); granted Huguenots substantial rights in a nation primarily Catholic. |
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| The chief judicial body under the French (Ancien) regime |
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| Representative body of the Three Estates (Old Regime) in France. Between 1589-1610, under Henry IV, was never called to order |
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| 1629; Cardinal Richelieu with Huguenot leaders and signed by Louis XIII... Huguenots had no political rights |
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| Twelve Years' Truce (1609) |
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| Signed in 1609 by Spanish and Dutch; was set to expire in 1621; was part cause of Thirty Years' War |
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| Spanish fleet of warships led by King Philip II to attack Protestant England in 1588. Defeated |
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| Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) |
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| 1585-1642; French nobleman, statesman, clergyman, and secretary of state in 1616 - most powerful person in France under Louis XIII |
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