Term
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Definition
- absolute monarchy were the ruler follows principles of the Enlightenment
- introduces reforms from the improvement of society
- allows freedom of speech and press
- permits religious tolerance
- expands education
- rules with accordance to the laws |
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Definition
- ruled alone
- weak, lazy, and easily influenced
- ministers and mistress began to rule country
- government failed to help and added debt |
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- minister to Louis XIV
- attempted to return France to its former glory
- when he died, France fell |
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- most famous mistress to Louis XV
- often made important government decisions |
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- grandson to Louis XV
- knew little about the French government
- lacked energy to deal with the state
- decapitated by rebels
- did not expect the French Revolution |
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Definition
- Austrian princess (became Queen in 1774), daughter of Maria Theresa
- wife of Louis XIV
- decapitated in the French Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
- came to exist in 1707
- England and Scotland united to form Great Britain
- had a king with parliament (parliament was gaining power)
- king chose the parliament and the ministers
- parliament made the taxes and the laws
- parliament = House of Commons + House of Lords |
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Definition
- when someome controlled a boroughs vote with patronage and bribery
- that person controlled the representatives of that borough |
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Term
| the Hanovarians/the Georges (I II III) |
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Definition
- dynasty after Stuart Dynasty (Queen Anne) from 1714-1901
- George I and II were the first kings (neither could speak English)
- did not understand British system which gave power to ministers |
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Definition
- minister to George I and II
- dispensed patronage and handled parliament
- pursued a peaceful foreign policy to avoid taxes |
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Definition
- outspoken journalist
- publicly criticized king’s ministers
- banned from parliament, won in county of Middlesex (1st place sex?)and returned
- his slogan was “Wilkes and Liberty”
- his supporters were the common people of London |
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Definition
- spokesperson and Prime minister to Britain in 1757
- acquired Canada and India in the seven years war
- dismissed by George III |
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Term
| Patriots vs. the Orangists |
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Definition
- Patriots-Dutch burghers (artisans, merchants, shopkeepers)
- Patriots split Organists power by pushing for democratic reform
- the democratic reform opened councils of oligarchs to greater participation |
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Term
| Organists (members of House of Orange) |
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Definition
- House of Orange vs. Oligarchs (Patriots)
- success of Patriots brought in Prussia
- Prussia helped Organists to defeat Patriots |
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Term
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Definition
- King of Prussia (r.1713-1740)
- made Prussia into a major European state
- dispute with Sweden over Pomerania (received in Treaty of Stockholm)
- given Austrian Hapsburg domain
- greatest achievement was internal development |
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Term
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Definition
| - Prussian landed aristocracy and nobility |
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Definition
- Frederick William I made military very powerful
- Prussia didn’t have a military, the military had Prussia |
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Definition
- King of Prussia (r.1740-1786)
- most famous enlightened despot in the 18th century
- one of the best educated monarchs
- enlightened thinker
- made a code of laws, ended torture, gave religious tolerance and freedom of speech
- made Prussia an aristocratic society
- took a great interest in military and enlarged the army to 200,000 people
- used in War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War
- gained territory and strengthened Prussia |
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Term
| “the first servant of the state” |
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Definition
| - Frederick the Great believed the king was the first servant of the king |
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Term
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Definition
- empress of Austria from 1740-1780
- prepared for conflicts with Prussia
- accepted the privileges of Hungarian nobility
- banned Austrian and Bohemian chancelleries, replaced with departments of foreign affairs
- limited the role of her diets or provincial assemblies in taxation and local admin |
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Term
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Definition
- 1780-1790
- determined to make changes
- wanted to enhance Habsburg power within the monarchy in Europe
- believed in getting rid of anything that stood in the way of reason
- philosophy was the lawmaker of his country, Austria
- abolished serfdom
- tried to give peasants hereditary rights to their holdings
- eliminated internal barriers, ended monopolies, and removed guild restrictions
- introduced complete religious toleration and restrictions on the Catholic church
- issued 6,000 decrees and 11,000 laws
- alienated nobility by freeing serfs
- alienated church with attacks on monastic establishment |
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Term
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Definition
- 1762-1796
- German wife of Peter III
- aristocrat of Russia
- intelligent and familiar with the works of the philosophes
- claimed that she wanted to reform Russia with Enlightenment ideas
- realized her success depended on the support of palace guard, not gentry class
- wrote Instruction
- questioned serfdom, capital punishment , and torture
- supported equality of all people in the eyes of the law
- divided Russia into 50 provinces to reorganize local government
- made local nobility more responsible for governing
- led to worse conditions for the peasants
- expanded Russian territory west into Poland and south to the Black Sea |
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Term
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Definition
- peasants who are bound to the land and provide labor services and pay fees and rents to their lords
- considered un-free
- not a slave because serfs could not be sold or bought |
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Term
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Definition
- succeeded in welding the unlike elements of discontent into a mass revolt
- the rebellion spread across Southern Russia from the Urals to the Volga River
- initially won support of peasants by removing oppressive taxes and military service
- his own people betrayed, captured, and tortured him |
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Term
| Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji |
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Definition
- 1774
- Russians gained some land
- they got the privilege of protecting the Greek Orthodox
- got the right to sail in Turkish waters |
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Term
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Definition
- territorial divisions of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria
- increasingly reduced its territory until it didn’t exist as a state
- took place in 1772, 1793, 1795
- internal disunity, and emergence of Russia and Prussia, took Poland off the map |
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Term
| War of the Austrian Succession |
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Definition
- 1740-1748
- started with the death of Charles VI
- didn’t want his daughter to inherit the throne of the Habsburgs lands
- war began with Frederick II of Prussia
- his victory proved the Habsburg dominions couldn’t defend themselves
- this prompted other countries to enter the fray
- the conflict was ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle |
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Term
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Definition
- only territory not returned to the original owners after the war of Austrian Succession was resolved
- Prussia’s refusal to return this territory led to The Seven-Years-War |
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Definition
- leader of the army of the British East India Company during the French and Indian War
- he was commanded to fight the ruler of Bengal in order to gain trading privileges |
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Definition
- sparked by the refusal to accept the loss of Silesia
- fought between Austria and Prussia
- Diplomatic revolution (Austria to separate Prussia from ally France)
- France allied with Austria and Russia vs. Great Britain and Prussia
- fought in Europe, India, North America (great conflicts)
- 1763, France gave most of Canada and India to Britain (now greatest colonial power) |
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Term
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Definition
- sparked by the refusal to accept the loss of Silesia
- fought between Austria and Prussia
- Diplomatic revolution (Austria to separate Prussia from ally France)
- France allied with Austria and Russia vs. Great Britain and Prussia
- fought in Europe, India, North America (great conflicts)
- 1763, France gave most of Canada and India to Britain (now greatest colonial power) |
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Term
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Definition
- a conflict of the Seven Years’ War that took place in North America
- 2 primary areas: Gulf of St. Lawrence/forts by Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley
- French began to move south and became friendly with the Indians
- forts set up by the French began to cut off British exploration
- last of wars of Seven Years’ War
- ended by treaty of Paris |
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Term
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Definition
- French General
- lost to British forces on the Plains of Abraham on September 13th, 1759
- died in battle |
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Definition
- British General
- scaled the heights outside Quebec
- defeated French forces on the Plains of Abraham on September 13th, 1759
- died in battle |
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Term
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Definition
- ended the Seven Years’ War
- gave Britain land east of the Mississippi River
- Spain transferred Spanish Florida to British control
- helped Great Britain become the world’s greatest colonial power |
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Term
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Definition
- a disease in the 18th century that was common among sailors
- caused by lack of Vitamin C
- resulted in death if not treated |
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Term
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Definition
- found in South America and Africa
- a disease caused by infected mosquitoes
- infections can be mild, or life-threatening |
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Term
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Definition
- impressments
- forcing people to become members of the army or navy |
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Term
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Definition
| - most common form of birth control of the 18th century |
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Term
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Definition
- the practice of killing infants
- some historians have viewed foundling homes (with their 50-90% mortality rate) as evidence
of a legalized practice of this |
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Term
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Definition
- New World plants
- widespread cultivation (along with corn) increased food supply of the 18th century
- led to less famines and a growing population |
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Term
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Definition
- 1674-1741
- discovered that by using a hoe to keep all the soil loose, allowed more air and moisture
- this helped plants grow better
- first to plant seeds in rows because it used fewer seeds |
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Term
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Definition
- fencing around fields, often combining several small fields
- led to the end of cooperative farming in the community |
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Term
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Definition
- bank founded in 1694
- did what all other banks did, but also gave loans |
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Term
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Definition
- a note issued by the bank
- represented the bank’s promise to pay a specific sum to the bearer on demand
- acceptable as money |
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Term
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Definition
- a situation in which a bank would “burst” (go bankrupt)
- occurred when people went overboard, and stock prices went to a very high price |
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Term
| the “putting-out” or “domestic system” |
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Definition
- a way to produce textiles
- an entrepreneur buys raw material and gives it to rural workers
- then the rural workers spin it into yarn and make cloth |
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Term
| Richard Arkwright’s “water-frame” |
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Definition
- helped with textiles
- powered by horses or water
- turned yarn faster than previous methods
- led to the invention of mechanized looms |
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Term
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Definition
- a residence in the country
- usually a mansion or other large dwelling on a country estate |
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Definition
- 1727-1788
- British portrait and landscape painter
- “The Blue Boy”, “Conversation in the Park”, and “The Harvest Wagon” |
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Definition
- an important aspect of 18th century travel
- sons of aristocrats completed their education by making a tour of Europe’s major cities
- English aristocracy especially valued this |
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Definition
- ancient Roman cities
- the rediscovery of them made them popular tourist attractions |
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Term
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Definition
- the largest city in Europe
- had 1,000,000 inhabitants |
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Term
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Definition
| - poverty was a big problem in Europe, these were 2 common ways to get money |
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- a distribution of power among several states
- so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another |
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Definition
- the principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long-term interests
- a nation should not further the dynastic interest of its ruling family |
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Definition
- the awarding of titles, government posts, and positions in the church and household staff
- one way monarchs of Britain could gain support |
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Definition
- agreement where the monarchs of Europe would recognize Marie Theresa in Austria
- ignored by Frederick the Great, which precipitated the War of Austrian Succession |
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Definition
- common family of the 18th century
- father, mother, children |
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Definition
| - portion of a peasants income (supposedly 10%, but usually 35%) paid to the church to support priest |
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- application of new techniques
- allowed for a large increase in farm productivity in the 18th century |
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