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Ap2 Chp 22
Lymphatic System
80
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/18/2012

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Term
• Lymphatic system
Definition
– Consists of lymph, interstitial (tissue) fluid, lymphatics, lymph nodes, isolated nodules of lymphatic tissue, tonsils, thymus, and spleen
(No loss of fluid. One way system-not circulatory. Slow flow [nothing to pump it])
Term
– Lymph
Definition
clear, watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels
-No plasma proteins or nutrients-mostly liquid [fatty acids go to the lymphatic system before it goes anywhere else. It will have a milky appearance with this]
Term
– Interstitial fluid
Definition
• Complex and “organized” material that fills spaces between cells
• Interstitial fluid and blood constitute extracellular fluid (ECF)
Term
– Composition of lymph and IF
Definition
• Similar to blood plasma
• Plasma contains higher concentration of proteins
• Lymph in thoracic duct twice as high protein conc. as most IF
Term
• Lymphatic vessels
• Formation and distribution
Definition
– Begin as blind-end capillaries in tissue spaces
– Widely distributed throughout body
Term
- thoracic duct
Definition
drains into left subclavian vein, and right lymphatic duct, drains into right subclavian vein
Term
– Lacteals -
Definition
(Lymphatic capillaries in digestive system) lymphatics originating in intestinal villi; after fatty meal contain milky lymph called chyle
Term
• Lymphatic vessels
Structure
Definition
– Thinner walled than veins and contain more valves
– Lymph nodes located at intervals
Term
Lymphatic vessels function
Definition
– Drain interstitial fluid - return water and proteins from IF to blood
– Transport dietary lipids - lacteals absorb fats and other nutrients
– Facilitate immune responses
Term
• Lymphatic vessels
• Circulation
Definition
– Lymph flow averages 125 ml/hour
– Mechanisms that contribute to effectiveness of “lymphatic pump” (Pulls it back)
• Breathing movements
• Skeletal muscle contractions
• Arterial pulsations
• Contraction of lymphatic walls (More thoracic, the vessles not. Thoracic is limited, but it still contracts-and is the only onnnee!)
Term
• Lymph nodes struction
Definition
• Lymphatic tissue, separated into compartments by fibrous partitions
• Afferent lymphatics enter each node and efferent lymphatics leave each node
– Usually located in clusters
Term
Lymph node function
Definition
filter out injurious substances and phagocytose them; site of formation of lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
• Thymus
Definition
– Located in mediastinum, extends into lower neck
– Size - relatively largest in comparison to body size at about 2 yrs. of age; absolutely largest at puberty, after which it gradually atrophies; almost disappears by advanced old age
Term
Thymus function
Definition
forms lymphocytes before birth; produces and distributes T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity
Term
• Spleen
Definition
– Located in left hypochondriac
– Structure - similar to lymph nodes, ovoid in shape, size varies; contains numerous venous blood spaces that serve as blood reservoir
Term
Spleen functions
Definition
• Defense - protection by phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells and antibody formation by some lymphocytes
• Hemopoiesis of nongranular leukocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) and of rbc before birth
• Red blood cell and platelet destruction
• Blood reservoir
Term
• Tonsils
– Types
Definition
• Pharyngeal (adenoid) • Palatine• Lingual
Term
• Pharyngeal (adenoid)
Definition
posterior wall of nasopharynx
Term
• Palatine
Definition
tonsillar fossa between arches
Term
• Lingual
Definition
base of tongue
Term
Tonsil function
Definition
– Produce lymphocytes and antibodies; act on foreign substances that are inhaled or ingested
Term
– Resistance
Definition
ability to ward off disease
Term
– Susceptibility
Definition
vulnerability or lack of resistance
Term
– Nonspecific resistance
Definition
inherited, provides general response against wide variety of organisms
Term
– Specific resistance (immunity)
Definition
production of specific antibody to fight specific pathogens; developed
Term
– Skin
Definition
wards off entrance of # of pathogens
Term
– Mucus membranes
Definition
- traps microbes & foreign substances; may be aided by hairs (nose) or cilia
Term
– Lacrimal apparatus
Definition
washing action of tears helps keep microbes from settling on eyes
Term
– Saliva
Definition
washes microbes from teeth
Term
– Flow of urine
Definition
keeps microbes from expanding in urinary tract
Term
– Sebum forms
Definition
protective layer over surface of skin; an unsaturated fatty acid in sebum inhibits growth of some pathogenic bacteria and fungi
Term
– Sudoriferous glands produce
Definition
perspiration which helps wash microorganisms from surface of skin; also contains lysozyme which breaks down cell walls of some bacteria
Term
– Gastric juice has
Definition
high acidity which destroys bacteria in stomach
Term
– Granulocytes
Definition
neutrophils are main ones; eosinophils have some ability
Term
– Macrophages (enlarged monocytes which leave bloodstream)-
Definition
some may wander while others remain in certain tissues and are fixed; combination referred to as mononuclear phagocytic (reticuloendothelial) system
Term
– Chemotaxis
Definition
- phagocytes are attracted to microorganisms by chemicals (pg 889)
Term
– Adherence
Definition
attachment of cell membrane of phagocyte to surface of microorganism; may involve opsonization (coating of microorganism with plasma proteins {complement}) to enhance attachment of phagocyte
Term
– Ingestion
Definition
involves pseudopod extensions by phagocyte forming phagocytic vesicle
Term
– Digestion
Definition
- fusion of phagocytic vesicle with lysosome (Once the microorganism gets inside[engulfed by phagocytic]); enzymes of lysosome destroy microorganism
Term
- fusion of phagocytic vesicle with lysosome (Once the microorganism gets inside[engulfed by phagocytic]); enzymes of lysosome destroy microorganism
Definition
alpha, beta, and gamma; produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
Term
– Protein produced in response to
Definition
some viral infections; induces uninfected cells to inhibit viral replication
Term
– May enhance
Definition
cell-killing activity of phagocytic cells and inhibit cell growth and suppress tumor formation
Term
• Antimicrobial substances
• Complement system
Definition
group of 20 proteins found in blood serum
Term
• Antimicrobial substances
Definition
– Some form holes in plasma membrane of microbe causing contents to leak out (cytolysis)
– Bind to surface of microbe promoting phagocytosis (opsonization or immune adherence)
– Contribute to development of inflammation by causing release of histamine
– Chemotactic agents attracting phagocytes to site of inflammation
Term
• Natural killer cells
Definition
population of lymphocytes with ability to kill wide variety of microbes plus some tumor cells; found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and blood
Term
• Natural killer cells
Definition
population of lymphocytes with ability to kill wide variety of microbes plus some tumor cells; found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and blood
Term
• Inflammation
Definition
• Localized response of cells damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents
Term
• Involves 4 cardinal symptoms:
Definition
redness, pain, heat, and swelling; fifth can be loss of function in injured area
Term
• Steps involved in inflammatory response
Definition
– Vasodilation and increased permeability
– Phagocyte migration
– Repair
Term
– Vasodilation and increased permeability
Definition
- arterioles enlarge and become leaky resulting in heat, redness, and edema; several chemicals are released from cells; clotting cascade begins
Term
– Phagocyte migration -
Definition
neutrophils exhibit margination(go to the edges) and diapedesis (leaving blood cells and going to injured tissue) to enter injured area for phagocytic activity; neutrophils are followed by monocytes
Term
• Antigens
Definition
any chemical substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific cells (T cells), which can react with the antigen
Term
– Properties of antigens
Definition
• Immunogenicity
• Reactivity
Term
• Immunogenicity
Definition
ability to stimulate formation of specific antibodies (provoke an immune response)
Term
• Reactivity
Definition
- ability of antigen to react with produced antibodies or cells
Term
• Antigens
– Characteristics
Definition
• Most some form of protein or large polysaccharide
• Entire microbe or part of microbe may be antigenic
• Antigen contains antigenic determinant sites on its surface
• Determinant site that has reactivity but not immunogenicity is called a partial antigen or hapten
Term
– Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens -
Definition
glycoproteins that mark the surface of all body cells (except rbc); major role is to help T cells recognize foreign antigens; 2 classes (They help identify cells)
Term
• Antibodies (Abs)
Definition
- protein produced by body in response to presence of antigen and capable of combining specifically with the antigen; antibodies belong to group of proteins called immunoglobulins; 5 classes
Term
• Antibodies (pg 903)
– Structure
Definition
• Two heavy (H) chains consisting of more than 400 amino acids
• Two light (L) chains consisting of 200 amino acids
• Each half held together by disulfide bonds and heavy and light chains held by disulfide bonds
• Two regions: variable portion containing antigen-binding site and constant portion which is same for all members of a class
Term
• Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
Definition
effective against fungi, parasites, intracellular viral infections, cancer cells, and foreign tissue transplants
Term
– T cells exit thymus gland as either
Definition
CD4+ or CD8+
Term
– General steps in process of cellular immunity
Definition
• Recognition of antigen
• Proliferation and differentiation into effector cells
• Elimination of intruder
Term
– Antigen presenting cells process and present
Definition
antigens to T cells
Term
• Contain MHC molecules which are recognized
Definition
by T cell receptors (TCRs)
Term
• Lymphokines are produced as well
Definition
, growth factors that participate in immune response
Term
• Lymphokines are
Definition
interleukin-1 and interferons that stimulate T cell growth
Term
– T cells presented with antigen become
Definition
sensitized (activated), increasing in size, differentiating, and dividing; gives rise to clones
Term
– Helper T cells (develop from CD4+ cells) -
Definition
aid in antibody production and secrete interleukin-2 which stimulates production of cytotoxic T cells
Term
– Cytotoxic (killer) T cells (develop from CD8+ cells)
Definition
leave lymphoid tissue and travel to site of invasion; attach to invading cell and destroy it; several chemicals released
Term
– Suppressor T cells
Definition
shut down some activities of immune system after several weeks
Term
– Memory T cells
Definition
recognize the original invading antigen; initiate swifter reaction on second exposure (pg 905)
Term
– B cells differentiate
Definition
into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies that circulate in lymph and blood to site of invasion
Term
– Antigen binds to
Definition
antibodies on B cells; antigen is then processed and presented along with human leukocyte associated (HLA) antigens
Term
– Presented antigen and HLA antigens are recognized by helper
Definition
– Presented antigen and HLA antigens are recognized by helper
Term
– Some B cells enlarge and divide into
Definition
clone of plasma cells which secrete antibody (about 2000 molecules/second for each cell for several days)
Term
• Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity -
Definition
effective against bacterial and viral infections
Term
– Remaining B cells remain as
Definition
memory B cells which respond in the future
Term
– Antibodies produced by B cells enter
Definition
circulation and form antigen-antibody complexes; complexes activate complement enzymes
Term
How do you get immunity-
Definition
vaccination (artificially acquired active immunity-weakened or dead virus)
Term
When you’re born you can have passive immunity-
Definition
During birth process you get some of your mother’s antibodies. It doesn’t last though-it protects you till you have developed it’s own immune system and can produce it’s own antibodies.
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