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AP103
diseases and conditions
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2021

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Cards

Term
all injuries that can cause injury to the brain
Definition
trauma / strokes / tumors / metabolic derangements / digestive disorders
Term
hypoxia definition
Definition
a deprivation of oxygen with maintained blood flow
Term
ischemia definition
Definition
reduced or interrupted blood flow
Term
neurological deficits of hypoxia and ischemia
Definition
1. fixed/dilated pupils
2. abnormal/motor posturing
3. coma
4. if brain recovers, there is gradual improvements
Term
what is intercranial pressure
Definition
an increase in inter cranial pressure
Term
ratios of cranial pressure
Definition
10% blood 80% brain tissue 10% css
Term
normal ICP is..?
Definition
0-15mm hg
Term
what is a brain herniation
Definition
a displacement of brain tissue under falx of tentorial notch
Term
cingulate definition
Definition
a compressed cerebral artery.. displacement of cingulate gyrus beneath falx cerebelli to the opposite side of the brain
Term
causes of Parkinsons disease
Definition
1. not clear idiopathic
2. environmental agents
3. Lewy bodies (clumps of proteins)
4. genetic predisposition
5. drug use
6. pugilistic
7. neuromuscular disease
Term
primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Definition
1. non specific achyness (weakness/fatigue)
2. resting tremors
3. bradykinesia
4. rigidity (not the same spasticity)
5. poor postural reflexes
Term
secondary symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Definition
1. shuffling short steps
2. change in speech
3. stooped posture
4. flexed at elbow/wrist/knee/hips
5. change in hand writing
6. sleep disorders
7. depression
8. mental degeneration
Term
treatment for Parkinson's disease
Definition
1. medication
2. l-dopa
3. dopemine drugs
4. anticholinergic agents
5. antiviral
6. surgery to thalamus
7. physical therapy
8. deep brain stimulation
Term
how can massage therapy help Parkinson's disease
Definition
1. can reduce rigidity
2. can improve sleep
3. can be safe and effective
Term
infections of CNS (structure)
Definition
1. by structure
- meniges=meningitis
-brain parenchyma = encephalitis
- spinal cord myelitis
-spinal cord myelitis
-brain/spinal cord encephalomyelitis
Term
infections of CNS (organism)
Definition
1. of invading organisms
- bacterial / viral / other
Term
meningitis definition
Definition
inflammation of Pia mater, the arachnoid & css filled suprachnoid space
Term
symptoms of meningitis
Definition
1. fever / chills
2. headaches
3.stiff neck and back
4. extreme pain
5.vomiting and nausea
Term
types of meningitis
Definition
1. acute lymphocytic meningitis
2. acute purulent meningitis
3. bacterial meningitis
- pneumococcus
- minigococous
4. viral meningitis
Term
what is encephalitis
Definition
its the infection of the parenchyma of brain/spinal cord (progressive degeneration of nerve cell bodies)
Term
how does encephalitis transmit
Definition
1. ingestion
2. rabid animal
3. mosquito
Term
types of encephalitis
Definition
1.viral / bacterial / fungal
2. herpes simplex/ westnite virus
Term
classification of brain tumors
Definition
1. primary inter cranial tumors of euro epithelial tissue (neuralgia)
2. primary inter cranial tumors that originate in the skull (not from brain tissue itself)
3. metastatic tumors
4. benign vs malignant
Term
what are structural components of basal ganglia
Definition
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus (forebrain)
Term
disorders of basal ganglia
Definition
1. disturbance in body posture
2. alterations in mm tone
3. involuntary movements
Term
types of involuntary movement
Definition
1. tremors
2.tics
3.chorea
4.athetosis
5.ballismucs
6.dystonia
7. dyskinesias
8. hypo kinetic disorders
Term
what is chorea
Definition
irregular wriggling movement of the face, raising eyebrows, rolling of eyes, and curling/withdrawal of tongue
Term
what is athetosis
Definition
continues worm like twisting of the body, turning motion of the joints/limbs of the body
Term
what is ballismucs
Definition
violent sweeping motions (especially on one side of the Body) = hemiballisma
Term
what Is dystonia
Definition
abnormal maintenance of posture resulting form twisting/turning of limbs/neck/trunk
Term
what is dyskinesias
Definition
wriggling/writhing movement
Term
what is a hypokenetic disorder
Definition
slowness in initiation movement & reduced range/force of movement
Term
seizure definition
Definition
abnormal behaviour caused by an electrical discharge form neurone in the cerebral cortex
Term
convulsion definition
Definition
specific seizure type of motor seizure including the entire body
Term
treatments & evolution methods for brain tumors
Definition
1. surgery
2. ct scans
3. chemotherapy
4. visual field funduscopic exam
5. physical/neurologic exam
6. mrt
Term
epilepsy definition
Definition
1. syndromes of associated seizure types
Term
types of seizures
Definition
1. partial seizures (simple/complex)
-absence / atonic / myclonic / tonic / clonic (seizures)
2. unclassified seizures ( inadequate or incomplete data)
Term
what is status epilepticus
Definition
its continual seizures, that don't stop spontaneously that off left untreated can cause death due to respiratory failure
Term
what is post concussion syndrome
Definition
conclusion refers to an immediate and transient loss of consciousness accompanied by brief period of amnesia after a blow to the head
Term
cause of hematomas
Definition
results of vascular injury or bleeding in epidural, subdural, subarachnoid and intracerebral compartment
Term
epidural hematoma cause, where it developed, resulting from what & symptoms
Definition
cause: head injury in which the skull is fracutred
resulting: tear of meninges artery
symptoms: ipsilateral pupil dialation
Term
what is a stroke
Definition
is an acute neurological vascular disorder
Term
what is an ischemic stroke
Definition
an interruption of blood flow in the cervical vessel (makes up 70-80% of strokes)
Term
what is an hemorrhagic stroke
Definition
bleeding into the brain tissue usually from a blood vessel rupture
Term
what is a TIA (transient ischemic attack)
Definition
lasts 1-2 hours, is due to temporary disturbance in cerebral blood flow
Term
what is a thrombotic stroke (large vessel)
Definition
occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessels, generally seen in older people and occurs when a person is at rest
Term
what is a lacunar stroke (small vessel)
Definition
found in arteries supplying internal capsules/basal ganglion and brain stem, doesn't cause cortical deficits
Term
what is a cardiogenic embolic stroke
Definition
caused by moving blood clot to the brain, occurring in the middle cerebral & carotid artery
Term
how to treat and acute stroke
Definition
neuroprotection including drugs that limit calcium
Term
what is a aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Definition
bleeding into the subarachnoid space.. causing
- congenital defect
- acute increase in icp
- cigarette smoking
- hypertension
- excessive alcohol intake
Term
what is an arteriovenous malformation
Definition
hemodynamic effect...
- first the blood is shunted from the high pressure arterial system to low pressure venous system without buffering advantage of capillary network
- the dividing venous channels are exposed to high pressure making them easier to rupture --> hemorrhage
Term
agonist definition
Definition
promoting movement
Term
antagonist definition
Definition
opposes movement
Term
synergist definition
Definition
assisting the agonist muscle by stabilizing a joint or contributing additional force to the movement
Term
motor systems and their manifestations
Definition
pyramidal: that originates in the motor cortex providing control to delicate muscle movement

extrapyramidal: originates in the basal ganglia, providing background more crude/supportive movement pattern
Term
disorders of motor function
Definition
1. Upper motor neuron lessions
- can invade the motor cortex the internal capsule or brain structure through which corticospinal/corticobulbar tracts descend on the spinal cord

2. low motor lesions
- disrupt communication b/w the muscle, all neural input from spinal cortex reflexes including the stretch reflex, which maintain muscle tone
Term
upper motor neuron lesions (UMNL) definition
Definition
is interrupted communication b/w spinal cord reflexes & higher brain centre, resulting in unregulated reflexes & increased muscles tone... spastic paralysis
Term
lower motor neuron lesions (LMNL) definiton
Definition
interrupted communicated b/w muscle & spinal cord reflexes causing loss in reflex activity & decreased muscle tone... flaccid paralysis
Term
what is muscle atrophy
Definition
a skeletal muscle disorder, when a normally innervated muscle is not used for a long time the muscle shrinks in diameter/ loses their contractile protein.. weakens
Term
what is muscle dystrophy
Definition
a skeletal muscle disorder, a genetic disorder of progressive deterioration of skeletal muscle because of hypertrophy, atrophy/neurosis
Term
what is basal ganglia
Definition
a group of deep interrelated subcortical nuclei that controls movement, it receives input form the cerebellum from all sensory systems/vision
Term
what is cerebral edema
Definition
brain swelling increasing tissue volume
- two types: cytotoxic & vasogenic
Term
what is vasogenic edema
Definition
occurs in conditions that impair the function of the BBB, allowing the transfer of water & protein from vascular into th interstitial space.. occurring in tumors, prolonged ischemia, brain injury... carried by white matter
Term
what is cytotoxic edema
Definition
involves and increase in intercellular fluid, due to water intoxication or severe ischemia impairing the Na+K+ pump
Term
what is interstitial edema
Definition
edema of the white matter as in hydrocephalus affecting the brain

treatment: corticosteroid therapy & osmotic diuretics (mannitol)
Term
hydrocephalus definiton
Definition
an abnormal increase in csf volume in any part or all of the ventricular system
Term
hydrocephalus symptoms in kids and adults
Definition
kids: head expands, bulging of frontals, seizures, blindness, weakness etc..

adults: increase ICP, headache, vomiting
Term
classifications of skull fractures
Definition
1. simple or linear: a break in bone continuity
2. comminuted: a splinter or multiple fracture lines
3. depressed: bone fragments are imbedded into the brain tissue
4. basilar: a fracture of the bones that form the the base of the skull
Term
cerebral palsy defintion
Definition
it is a motor function disorder that occurs from damage to the immature brain, lesions occur from half way thru pregnancy to seven days postpartum up to 3 years
Term
types of cerebral palsy
Definition
1. ataxic: (rare) shaking, intention tremor, poor balance
2. dystonic: slow involuntary movement of trunk
3. spastic: most common (50-80%) & in some areas
4. athetoid: weak muscle, involuntary writhing movement
Term
cerebral palsy complications
Definition
1. seizures
2. contractures
3. digestion problems
4. changes in hearing & vision
Term
signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy
Definition
1. hyper/hypotonicity
2. poor control
3. random movement
Term
treatments and medications for cerebral palsy
Definition
1. brace / other aids
2. occupational and physical therapy
3. skills to live as functional as possible
Term
what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Definition
upper motor disease, a progressive degeneration of neurons in the CNS/PNS
Term
signs and symptoms of ALS
Definition
1. 75% In spinal variation ( loss of coordination )
2. speech, swallowing, control of tongue
3. extreme mood swings
Term
how to diagnose ALS
Definition
1. history, physical exam
2. nerve conduction studies
3. mri
Term
how to treat ALS
Definition
1. moderate exorcise (occupational therapy and physical therapy)
2. heat whirlpools
3. speech therapy
4. assistive devices: wheelchairs, brace etc..
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