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| 8th to 13th century Chinese empire led by the Song dynasty...known for its increase in population, urbanization, commercialization and advancements. |
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| major system of thought in China, developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples, and concerned with the principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationships such as filial piety. |
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| -a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. |
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| a widespread Asian religion or philosophy, often associated with living the “Middle Path” and reincarnation in many forms not dependent on social class, founded in India in the 5th century BC. Theravada and Mahayana are two forms |
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| the process of creating goods and materials for the market (and for profit). |
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| a monotheistic religion begun in the Middle East and regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah. the “5 Pillars” often associated with this belief system by 1200 had become both a major religion and political empire |
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| monotheistic religion begun in the Middle East based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth and later followers, spread especially into regions around the Mediterranean Sea, became a prominent religion of many regions of Europe |
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| a monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. According to many scholars the “foundation” of later monotheistic belief systems |
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| Islamic Empire from the 8th to 13th century - Middle East, North Africa, and Arabian peninsula into Central Asia |
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| a collection of diverse ethnic groups who often converted to Islam in the 13th to 14th century and became conquerors of regions of northern India, central Asia, and Anatolia |
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| mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. |
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| a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, which developed from Vedic religion. |
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| fragmented, decentralized rule with a warrior elite at the top of the social and political structure...Europe in the 13th to 14th centuries and Japan in the 12th to 16th centuries were known for this |
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| decentralized economic system of self-sufficient manners. Economic system of the feudal period in Europe. |
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| systems in which people are “forced” to work without reward or payment including debt slavery, serfdom, & debt peonage |
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| term for the Muslim regions of the world (especially in its early political or cultural unity) |
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| 12th to 14th century West Africa state that grew wealthy and powerful through the gold mines and trade of Trans-Saharan trade |
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| beginning before the 6th c bce, interregional trade routes from East Asia through central asia into the Middle East |
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| Mongol regional rule during the Mongol Empire. There were Khanates in Russia, the Middle East, Central Asia, and China |
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| Diasporic merchant communities |
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| communities of merchants like Arabs in Swahili coasts, Hindu merchants in SE Asia, Islamic merchants in Southeast Asia, Jewish merchants in Oman, Chinese merchants in SE Asia |
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| are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original peoples. |
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| was a Chinese mariner, explorer, court eunuch and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty. He led a series of large naval expeditions into regions around the Indian Ocean in the early 15th century. |
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| Caravan crossings of the Sahara desert in the continent of Africa which increased the trade in gold, salt, ivory and slaves and helped build and sustain many West African kingdoms. |
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| 13-14th century Disease pandemic that was spread along the trade routes of the silk road and throughout and beyond the Mongol Empire. Significant percentage of the population died. Death rates were especially high in Europe. Death tolls had political and social impacts. |
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| 11th century - 16th century along East Coast of Africa...independent entrepot city-states that had African and Arab Islamic cultural mix |
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| examples of maritime technology that were innovated and used in Asia, but were used by European states to explore and eventually conquer regions of the Americas, and coastal regions along Africa and in the Indian Ocean |
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| - 16th - 18th century Islamic Empire in South Asia ruling over a predominantly Hindu population |
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| 14th to 20th century Islamic Empire centered in the Middle East...one of the Gunpowder Empires that controlled the “heart” of the Islamic world. |
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| 14th-17th century Dynasty in China. Reunified China after defeating the Mongols and worked to erase much of the Mongol culture from the Yuan dynasty and Mongol control...sent expeditions into the Indian Ocean in the 15th century but later embraced isolationist ideas in the later centuries. |
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| 16th-17th c schism (split) in European Christianity dividing “Protestant” and “Catholic” Christianity and leading to political and cultural tension and clashed in Europe and also increased European Christianization of the Americas and elsewhere |
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| Catholic Church response to the Protestant Reformation in which elements of corruption were eliminated and the basis of Catholicism was confirmed. Also, renewed interest in punishing “heresy” (ideas that went against theCatholic church’s teachings). Jesuit order formed for increased missionary efforts |
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| belief system beginning in the 1500s in South Asia. “Blend” of Hinduism and Islam and was “Monotheistic” & relatively tolerant. example of syncretism. |
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| the environmental transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas (16th century) |
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| 17th century rulers (Shoguns) of a recently unified Japan. Promoted cultural isolation while developing a commercial economy and silver mining. (Rejected European missionaries.) |
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| 17th -20th c Initially the Manchus were a group from Northern China but invaded and conquered all of China taking over from the Ming and ruling China for 3 centuries.. |
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| 16th to mid 18th century Empire in Persia (Iran). Shi’a Islamic Empire of the gunpowder empires. Had conflict with the Sunni Empires. |
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| economic system from 16th -18th century in which many European national governments attempted to accumulate the largest possible share of global wealth by maximizing imports of precious metals and raw materials and exporting finished goods (especially to their colonies). The system discouraged “free trade”among different regions and encouraged protectionism by European governments. |
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| economic innovation of European companies in which a group of investors supported trade activity and commerce for increased financial activity |
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| a person who has been trained in a skilled art or trade. |
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| system of racial hierarchy in Spanish controlled Americas that ordered the European, Natives, slaves, and mixed-races of the region after European conquest |
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| a Philosophical movement in Europe & beyond which emphasized reason instead of tradition or religions. Philosophes (thinkers) offered liberal ideas such as individualism and the social contract. aka Age of Reason. |
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| a sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. Emerged in Europe and the Americas especially in the early 19th century from the revolutionary period |
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| ideological emphasis on civil freedoms under the rule of law with an emphasis on limited government, economic freedom, and political freedoms |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen |
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| 1789 passed by France’s National Constituent Assembly is a fundamental document of the French Revolution that granted more widespread civil rights much of French society. |
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| 1815 letter written by Simon Bolivar in which he advocated for the independence of Latin American regions from Spanish control...influenced by Enlightenment ideas |
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| the act of officially ending legal slavery and slave trade…in 19th century |
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| a series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804, was the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti by Africans and their descendants who had been enslaved and the establishment of an independent country founded and governed by former slaves. |
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| latin American independence movements |
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| often called the Creole revolutions, it was movements against Spanish colonial rule in Central and South America in the 1810s and 1820s, which led to the independence from European control of every nation in the region |
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| take the first two digits of the year and add one that gets the century |
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