Term
1. What were the basic characteristics of hunter-forager societies? Consider the following:
migration, technology, religion, social and economic organization.
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Definition
| 1. They would migrate to warm climates and follow vegetation patterns; earliest tools were wood and first metals humans worked with were copper; fertility was important, polytheism; social distinctions based on wealth |
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2. What was the Neolithic Revolution?
a. Why and where (hint: several locations) did the Neolithic Revolution start?
b. What were the long-term demographic, social, political, economic, environmental,
and technological effects of the Neolithic Revolution? |
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Definition
| 2. The establishment of an agricultural economy; it's a process that cam about over hundreds of years; people began to cultivate crops and keep animals; towns and villages began, specialized labor, pottery, metalwork, social distinctions, need for laws and rulers |
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3. What is a civilization? What are the defining characteristics of a civilization?
a. Where did the earliest civilizations develop? Be able to identify the location of the following civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, Shang China, the Olmec, and the Chavin.
b. Why did civilization develop in these locations? |
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Definition
3. Towns, political system, architecture, specialized labor, all make up a civilization; Mesopotamia: between Tigris and Euphrates; Egypt: Nile; Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro: Indus; Shang: Yellow River; Olmec: central Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador; Chavin: northern Peru |
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4. What were the political characteristics of the early civilizations? Consider: leadership, expansion, legal system, etc. Hint: Use Egypt and Mesopotamia as primary examples, but do NOT overlook unique political characteristics of other early civilizations. |
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Definition
| 4. Hierarchies, divine rulers, strong militaries to conquer other civilizations, bureaucracies, decentralized power |
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5. What methods did early civilizations use to unify their populations? Consider: architecture, forms of writing, literature, trade, and social/gender hierarchies. Hint: Use Egypt and Mesopotamia as primary examples, but do NOT overlook unique political characteristics of other early civilizations.
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Definition
| Writing- way of communication |
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Term
6. What two reasons make it impossible to follow the development of Harappan society? |
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Definition
6. Many of the earliest physical remains are inaccessible; lack of deciphered written records |
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Term
| 7. Where did the most important food crops and domesticated animals of the Indus Valley come from? |
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Definition
| 7.Grew crops along the river-mainly wheat and barley, used to feed their animals |
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Term
| 8. How did agricultural surpluses impact the Indus valley? |
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Definition
8. Communities could be established throughout India |
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9. What two cities did the agricultural surplus feed in the Indus valley? |
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Definition
| 9. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro |
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10. Describe characteristics of the cities Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. |
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Definition
| 10. Centers of political authority, investment in human labor: marketplaces, temples, grid streets |
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| 11. Besides depending on a successful agriculture economy, describe what else the Harappans engaged in to support their economy. |
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Definition
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12. Describe the social distinctions of Harappan society. |
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Definition
| 12. Rich and poor lived in very different lifestyles. |
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13. Religiously, how were Harappans similar to other agricultural societies and what aspect of their religion was very important? |
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Definition
| 13. Like other agricultural societies, Harappan venerated gods and goddesses whom they sociated with creation and procreation. Harappan religion reflected strong concern for fertility. |
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14. What are the theories as to how the Harappan society declined? |
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Definition
14. Ecological degradation: deforestation led to erosion and reduced rainfall, indus valley became desert. Flooding and earthquakes may have weakened Harappan society. |
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Term
15. Who were the Indo-European nomads and pastoral peoples that migrated into India? |
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Definition
| 15. Aryans ("noble people") |
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16. What are the Vedas, and what is the earliest and most important? |
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Definition
| 16. Vedas- collection of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring various gods of Aryans. Rig Veda- earliest and most important. |
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| 17. As Aryans settled into permanent communities, describe the changes in political organization. |
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Definition
| 17. Lost tribal political organization and evolved more formal political institutions. Council of elders won recognition as the principal sources of political authority. |
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18. Describe the new social order that Aryans constructed in South Asia in order to maintain order and stability. |
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Definition
| 18. Social structure rested on sharp hereditary distinctions between individuals and groups, according to their occupations and roles in society. These Distinctions became foundation of the caste system, which largely determined the places people occupied in society. |
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| 19. Describe the four main Varnas of the caste system, as well as the untouchables. |
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Definition
| 19. Aryans recognize four main varnas: priest (brahmins); warriors and aristocrats(kshatriyas); cultivators, artisans, and merchants (vaishyas); and landless peasants and serfs (shudras). Later on added category untouchables - performed dirty unpleasant tasks - slightest touch could defile individuals of higher status. |
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Term
| 20. What impact did the caste system have in India? |
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Definition
20. Deeply influenced lives of individual Indians through much of history. Enabled foreign people to find a place in Indian society. Caste played large role in maintaining social discipline in India. |
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| 21. Describe the gender roles of Aryan society. |
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Definition
21. During their migrations into India, men already dominated Aryan society. All priests, warriors, & tribal chiefs. Women mostly stayed at home. |
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Term
| 22. What is the practice of sati, and how does it demonstrate women’s role in India? |
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Definition
22. The practice of sati demonstrated a very dramatic fashion of the dependence of women on their men, in which a widow would voluntarily throw herself on the funeral pyre of her deceased husband to join him in death. This demonstrates the devotion of women to their husbands. |
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23. What was the result of the fusion of Aryan traditions with Dravidian beliefs? |
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Definition
| 23.Hinduism. At first there was alot of tension between both socities, but later on intermingled and intermarried. |
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Term
24. Explain the several doctrine that developed from the Upanishads. |
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Definition
24. Samsara-reincarnation
Karma-specific incarnations that souls experienced
Brhadaranyaka Upanishad-a succinct explanation of karma |
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25. Explain how Vedic religion dovetailed (joined) with the social order of the late Vedic Age. |
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Definition
| 25. Brahmin theories about the origins of varna distinctions reflected Aryan society about 1000 BCE |
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Term
26. What is the official name of the Yellow River? |
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Definition
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Term
27. Explain how the monopoly on bronze metallurgy impacted the Shang dynasty. Be sure to give examples craftsmen, nobles, and kings. |
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Definition
| 27. Bronze metallurgy was the Shang’s source of power. It strengthened Shang forces against those of the Xia. Stronger weapons. Kings lode power from monopoly. Craftsmen and Nobles sign of wealth. |
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Term
| 28. Describe the political organization of the Shang dynasty. |
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Definition
| 28. The Shang state rested on a vast network of walled towns. During the dynasty, Shang Kings may have controlled one thousand or more towns. |
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Term
29. Explain the mandate of heaven. |
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Definition
29. The Mandate of Heaven is heavenly powers that granted the knight to govern to an especially deserving individual known as the son of heaven. |
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Term
30. Describe the type of government the Zhou established. |
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Definition
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31. What led to the weakening of the Zhou dynasty? |
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Definition
31. The rulers of the decentralized governments wouldn't come to the aid of the central government of the Zhou and it allowed the Zhou central government to fall under the rule of another kingdom. |
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Term
32. What was the Period of Warring States (403 – 221 B.C.E.)? |
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Definition
32. It was the last centuries of the Zhou dynasty, when they fought against |
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Term
33. Describe the privileged class of hereditary aristocrats. |
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Definition
33. They were handed the thrown when their father or grandfather or uncle died or was too old to rule. The crown was passed down to a different family member. Rose from military allies of the shang and the zhou dynasties |
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34. What types of specialized labor existed in ancient China? |
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Definition
34. Some types of specialized labor were a small class of free artisans and craftsmen. |
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35. Describe the evidence of trade that existed in ancient China. |
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Definition
35. Archeologists discovered trade routes that reached China during Shang and probably Xia times as well. |
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Term
36. Describe the role of the peasants. |
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Definition
36. Peasant had to do all the dirty work that the political leaders told them to do . they had to build all the monuments and do everything the government asked them to do. |
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Term
37. Describe the importance of the Chinese family and veneration of ancestors. |
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Definition
37. The importance of chinese family and veneration of ancestors was that once the deceased passes into the afterlife they would watch over the remaining family . the remaining family members buried the dead with what they needed, such as tools,weapons,jewelry, and other material goods. |
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Term
38. Describe the role of men and women in Chinese society, and how those roles intensified and changed over time. |
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Definition
38. The role of men was that they were the head of the household and they owned everything. The role of women was honored in the daily but not as much as the men. their role in public was most prominent in the Shang times. |
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Term
39. How did ancient Chinese beliefs differ from that of other ancient civilizations? |
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Definition
39. The ancient Chinese beliefs differ because they used to believe what the “Oracle Bones” would tell them. priests or fortune tellers would give the person their “reading” of what the oracle bone said. Didnt build monuments. Sacrafice and Polytheistic like most other. |
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Term
40. What was the importance of oracle bones? |
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Definition
40. The Oracle bones were used to tell the fortunes of others by priests and fortune tellers. Also in political sense they were used to message other officials about battle plans and other major decisions about the kingdom. |
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Term
41. How was Chinese writing different than other civilizations writing systems? |
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Definition
41. Chinese writing was used by rulers. Oracle bones were used. Mainly ideographs. |
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Term
42. What was different about the cultivation of crops in Mesoamerica than in the eastern hemisphere? Explain. |
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Definition
42. Mesoamericans had bloodletting ceremonies in order to please gods for them to provide rain to grow crops. |
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Term
43. Where did agricultural villages and ceremonial centers of the Olmec emerge? |
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Definition
43. Agriculture- from Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador,
Ceremony centers- coast of Gulf of Mexico |
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Term
44. What is significant about the Olmec cultural tradition? |
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Definition
| 44. It was adopted by many later civilizations such as the mayans. things include practice ritual bloodletting, play the Mesoamerican ballgame, calendar |
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Term
45. What were the sites of the first ceremonial centers of the Olmecs, and how were they similar to other ancient civilizations? |
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Definition
45. Coast of the Gulf of Mexico, permanent residents were ruling elite, priests, and some artisans & craftsman. Large groups of people gathered to observe and participate in rituals or exchange goods on market days. |
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Term
46. Describe the sites of Olmec society. |
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Definition
46. The sites of the olmec society had very elaborate cermonial centers with monumental pyramids, temples, palaces, altars, stone sculptures, and tombs. With elaborate drainage systems that still remain today and huge colossal human heads |
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Term
47. Describe the most distinctive artistic creation of the Olmecs. |
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Definition
47. The most distinctive artistic creation were the colossal human heads. These heads were believed to be rulers and sculpted from basalt rock |
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Term
48. How did the Olmecs spread their influence? |
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Definition
48. the olmecs spread their influence partly by military force, but trading was a huge link between the olmec heartland and other mesoamerican regions |
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Term
49. How did the Olmec traditions influence later Mesoamerican societies? Give specific examples. |
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Definition
49. the later mesopotamian societies adopted these practices. Such as the mayas and teotihuacan who were greatly influenced by the olmecs and are called the heirs of the olmecs. They adopted the ball game, rituals involving human sacrifice, cultivated maize, built cermonial centers, and maintained a calender inherited by olmec priest |
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Term
50. What was the impact of agriculture on South American societies? |
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Definition
50. Many communities depended on an agricultural economy, their surplus production they supported dense populations, engaged specialized labor, established formal political authorities, etc. |
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Term
51. How did geography impact the Americas?
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Definition
51. The americas geography allowed them to cultivate and produce a surplus of food. They were able to trade and the civilizations were all prominent |
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Term
52. What were the most important domesticated animals in South America? |
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Definition
52. Turkeys, small barkless dogs, deer, llama, alpaca, and other large animals |
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Term
53. Where does the Chavin cult get its name, and what evidence do historians know about the cult? |
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Definition
53. After the modern town of Chavín de Huàntar, one of the cults must prominent sites. Cult arose when maize became important, designed to promote fertility and abundant harvest |
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Term
54. Describe how Andean society became complex during the era of the Chavin cult. |
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Definition
54. Weavers devised techniques of producing elaborate cotton textiles (some with intricate patterns ). Artisans manufactured large, light, and strong fishnets from cotton strings. Craftsmen experimented with minerals and discovered techniques of gold, silver, and copper metallurgy. |
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Term
55. How did societies in Australia and New Guinea differ? |
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Definition
55. Australia maintained hunting and gathering societies until 19th & 20th century C.E. New Guinea's communities turned to agriculture, beginning about 3000 B.c.e. |
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Term
56. Explain the development of agriculture in New Guinea and its impact on society. |
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Definition
56. Agriculture brought population growth and specialization of labor : after the change to agriculture, permanent settlements, pottery, and carefully crafted tools appeared throughout the island. Within a few centuries agriculture and herding spread to all parts New Guinea. |
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Term
32. Describe the relationship of bronze metallurgy with social status. |
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Definition
32. If you were rich you owned bronze because it was expensive and it was a social status. |
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Term
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Definition
An early form of society with no settled agriculture, or domestication of animals, and which has little impact on the environment. The hunting of animals and the collection of edible plants depends on adapting to the environment, rather than changing it.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/hunting-and-gathering-2#ixzz2eyZlFACS
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Term
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Definition
It was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement which supported an increasingly large population.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/neolithic-revolution#ixzz2eyZxbg2Z |
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Definition
| divided labor that has a specific task so they can concentrate and do it more accurately |
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Definition
| Spread of cities/modernization |
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Definition
a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.
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| Writing (alphabetic, hieroglyphic, cuneiform) |
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Definition
Writing
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Hieroglyphics
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Cuneiform
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Sanscript
Pieces of literature
- Epic of Gilgamesh
- Book of songs
- book of the dead
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Definition
| a science that deals with the nature and uses of metal |
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Definition
| the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group |
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Definition
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Definition
| Mesopotamian ruler (Babylonian King), created Hammurabi's code (eye for an eye) |
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Definition
| the process of preserving a dead body through embalming and drying |
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Definition
| the change in global climate patterns |
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Definition
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Definition
| Nomadic, Hunting and gathering. Originally lived in modern day Nigeria and moved south which took them through most of sub-Saharan Africa. |
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Definition
| Chinese belief that the emperors ruled through the mandate, or approval, of heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population. |
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Definition
| Chinese Shang dynasty- means of fortelling the future. often the diviner recorded answer on bone, then later scribes added further info about the events that actually came to pass. |
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Definition
| Herders that moved from place to place |
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Term
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Definition
| A region extending south and east from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In pre-Columbian times it was inhabited by diverse civilizations, including the Mayan and the Olmec. |
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