Term
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Definition
| Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565). |
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Definition
| Byzantine province under the control of generals. |
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| Concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church versus state controversy in medieval Europe. |
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Definition
| Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad. |
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Definition
| Divide that occurs between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in 1054 as a result of political tensions and ritual and doctrinal differences. |
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Definition
| Greek orthodox temple constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later converted into a mosque. |
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Definition
| Campaigns by Christian knights to seize the holy lands that led to trade with Muslims and the importation of Muslim ideas regarding science and mathematics. |
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Term
| Iconoclasts: Iconoclasm/Iconoclastic Controversy |
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Definition
| Supporters of the movement, begun by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741), to destroy religious icons because their veneration was considered sinful. |
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Definition
| Muhammad's name for himself, signifying that he was the final prophet of Allah. |
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Definition
| Prophet of Islam (570-632). |
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Definition
| City conquered by Muhammed in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected mosques. |
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Definition
| Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam. |
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Definition
| The "house of Islam," a term for the Islamic world. |
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Definition
| Navigational instrument for determining latitude. |
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Definition
| Device that sailors used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon. |
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Definition
| Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622, which is the beginning point of the Islamic calendar and is considered to mark the beginning of the Islamic faith. |
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Definition
| Islamic term for the "community of the faithful." |
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Definition
| Main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj. |
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Definition
| Concept of the duty of Muslims to defend Islam, often used to justify acts of terrorism. |
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Definition
| The Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Qu'ran, and accounts of Muhammad's life. |
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Definition
| The sayings and deeds of Muhammad. |
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| Islamic officials, scholars who shaped public policy in accordance with the Qu'ran and the sharia. |
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Definition
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Definition
| "deputy," Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad. |
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Definition
| Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. |
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Term
| English East India Company |
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Definition
| British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces. |
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Definition
| Conflict (1756-1763) in which Britain fought in Europe, India, North America, and Asia and established hegemony. |
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Definition
| "Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead. |
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Definition
| Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali. |
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Definition
| Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules. |
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Definition
| Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century. |
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Definition
| Sixteenth-century European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic church. |
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Definition
| Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits. |
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Definition
| Catholic attempt (1545-1563) that sought to direct reform of the Roman Catholic Church. |
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Definition
| Seventh-century Chinese monk who made a famous trip to India to collect Buddhist texts. |
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Definition
| Group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 that maintained high educational standards and served worldwide as missionaries. |
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Definition
| Dynasty (589-618) that constructed Grand Canal, reunified China, and allowed for the splendor of the Tang dynasty that followed. |
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Term
| Holy Roman Empire (failures) |
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Definition
| Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in in 843 and lasting until 1806. |
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Definition
| Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that was marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society. |
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Definition
| Chinese emperor (r. 627-649) who founded the Tang dynasty (618-907). |
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Definition
| Movement in England in the seventeenth century that placed power in Parliament's hands as part of a constitutional monarchy and that increasingly limited the power of the monarch; the movement was highlighted by the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution. |
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Term
| Buddhism (think about it in China, even though the definition doesn't talk about that) |
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Definition
| Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563--483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana. |
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Definition
| Project that integrated the economies of northern and southern China. |
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Definition
| Chinese system during the Han dynasty in which the goal was to ensure an equitable distribution of land. |
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Definition
| Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion. |
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Definition
| Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example. |
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Definition
| An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market. |
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Term
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Definition
| Socially significant groups of craftspeople who regulated the production, sale, and quality of manufactured goods. |
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Term
| Serfs (think about context, (24), even though definition doesn't clarify) |
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Definition
| Peasants who, while not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked. |
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Definition
| Japanese period (794-1185), a brilliant cultural era notable for the world's first novel, Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji. |
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Definition
| Chinese poets of the Tang dynasty that wrote using Daoist ideas (I think this is all correct-the site didn't have the defs) |
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Term
| Ptolemaic Universe (Ptolemy) |
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Definition
| The theory that the earth is motionless and surrounded by nine spheres. Could not account for observable planetary movements, but was consistent with Christian theory of creation. |
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Term
| Copernican Universe (Copernicus) |
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Definition
| Copernicus' suggestion in 1543 that the sun, rather than the earth, was the center of the universe. |
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Definition
| Pen name of French philosophe Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), author of Candide. |
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Definition
| An Enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity; in deism, the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Japanese warrior who lived by the code of bushido. |
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Definition
| couldn't find the def but it says on the term sheet: fast-ripening rice |
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Definition
| Spanish adventurers like Cortes and Pizarro who conquered Central and South America in the sixteenth century. |
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Definition
| Literary work of ancient Japan, written by Murasaki Shikibu. |
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Definition
| System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line. |
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Definition
| Indian dynasty (320-550 C.E.) that briefly reunited India after the collapse of the earlier Mauryan dynasty. |
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Term
| Islam (in context of India/integration with Hindu) |
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Definition
| Couldn't find a def, but think about Mughal empire and their original tolerance for the Hindus but how eventually they were unable to peacefully coexist. |
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Definition
| Southern Indian Hindu kingdom (850-1267), a tightly centralized state that dominated sea trade. |
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Definition
| Social class system in which distinctions and restrictions on marriage, occupation, handling of food, and other matters are transferred through generations or through class. The term usually refers to the social system of India. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam. |
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Definition
| Treaty (1494) dividing the world outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along the North-South meridian at 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands. |
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Definition
| Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal. |
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Definition
| Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat. |
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Definition
| Latin American term for individuals born of indigenous and African parents. |
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Definition
| Royal clan established by Charlemagne, who expanded the Carolingian Empire into Spain, Bavaria, and Northern Italy. |
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Definition
| Large Latin American estates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar. |
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Definition
| Mongol tribe that controlled Russia from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries. |
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Definition
| couldn't find it, but i'm guessin a time of peace for the mongols in china lol |
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Definition
| Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566). |
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Term
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Definition
| Tents used by nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes. |
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Term
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Definition
| African city-state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was active in trade. |
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Term
| Indentured labor (vs. slavery) |
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Definition
| Labor source in the Americas; wealthy planters would pay the European poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century. |
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Term
| Antonianism (Antonian Movement) |
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Definition
| African syncretic religion, founded by Dona Beatriz, that taught that Jesus Christ was a black African man and that heaven was for Africans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kingdom in West Africa during the fifth through the thirteenth centuries whose rulers eventually converted to Islam; its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan trade. |
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Definition
| African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 2000 B.C.E. they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa; the Bantu were very influential, especially linguistically. |
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Term
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Definition
| African kingdom founded in the thirteenth century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa. |
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Definition
| Empire that replaced Mali in the late fifteenth century. |
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Term
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Definition
| Founder of the Mali empire (r. 1230-1255), also the inspiration for the Sundiata, an African literary and mythological work. |
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Definition
| The grandnephew of Sundiata who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Upon his return, he built mosques and Islamic schools in Mali. |
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Term
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Definition
| City in Mali, Africa, that was notable for its Islamic university and 180 religious schools. |
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Term
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Definition
| African city-state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was active in trade. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Islamic Scholar (1304-1369) who served as qadi to the sultan of Delhi and offered counsel to Muslim rulers in west Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Former colony of Southern Rhodesia that gained independence in 1980. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bantu concept in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal tasks appropriate for that age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mediators between humanity and supernatural beings. |
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Definition
| Sub-Saharan African people who, beginning in the seventeenth century, began a series of wars designed to impose their own strict interpretation of Islam. |
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Definition
| Angolan kingdom that reached its peak during the reign of Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663). |
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Definition
| Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind. |
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Definition
| Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa, and American products bound for Europe. |
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Definition
| Association of trading cities in northern Europe linked by major rivers to the Mediterranean. |
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Definition
| Term for the social classes of the spiritual estate (clergy), the military estate (feudal nobles), and the estate of peasants and serfs. |
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Definition
| The foundation of Islam; (1) profession of faith, (2) prayer, (3) fasting during Ramadan, (4) alms, and (5) pilgrimage, or hajj. |
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Definition
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Definition
| European medieval concept, a code of conduct for the knights based on loyalty and honor. |
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Term
| Diaspora (think in context of Africa, not in definition) |
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Definition
| People who have settled far from their original homeland but who still share some measure of ethnic identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Socially significant groups of craftspeople who regulated the production, sale, and quality of manufactured goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medieval attempt of thinkers like St. Thomas Aquinas to merge the beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. |
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Term
| Abolitionism (Abolition movement - 1807) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Revered artifacts from saints that inspired pilgrimages to cities such as Rome, Compostela, and Jerusalem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Revered artifacts from saints that inspired pilgrimages to cities such as Rome, Compostela, and Jerusalem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crusading European order that was active in the Baltic region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) founded by Hongwu and known for its cultural brilliance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central American society (950-1150) that was centered around the city of Tula. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese dynasty (1644-1911) that reached its peak during the reigns of Kangxi and Qianlong. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capital of the Aztec empire, later Mexico City. |
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Term
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Definition
| Castrated males, originally in charge of the harem, who grew to play major roles in government; eunuchs were common in China and other societies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Style of agriculture used by Mexica (Aztecs) in which fertile muck from lake bottoms was dredged and built up into small plots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aztec god, the "feathered serpent," who was borrowed originally from the Toltecs; Quetzalcoatl was believed to have been defeated by another god and exiled, and he promised to return. |
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Term
| (Revival of) Patriarchy (China) |
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Definition
| System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sun god and patron deity of the Aztecs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful South American empire that would reach its peak in the fifteenth century during the reigns of Pachacuti Inca and Topa Inca. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incan mnemonic aid comprised of different colored strings and knots that served to record events in the absence of a written text. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Envoys of the lord ruler," the noble and church emissaries sent out by Charlemagne. |
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Term
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Definition
| Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200). |
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Term
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Definition
| Term referring to the Pacific Ocean basin and its lands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese Ming emperor (r. 1403-1424) who pushed for foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Islamic Scholar (1304-1369) who served as qadi to the sultan of Delhi and offered counsel to Muslim rulers in west Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Last shogunate in Japanese history (1600-1867); it was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu who was notable for unifying Japan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidemic that swept Eurasia, causing devastating population loss and disruption. Known as the Black Death in Europe after 1350 C.E. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) founded by Hongwu and known for its cultural brilliance. |
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Term
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Definition
| I think this brought back Confucianism |
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Term
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Definition
| Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Renaissance scholars interested in moral philosophy, history, and literature, drawing inspiration from classical texts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Japanese warrior who lived by the code of bushido. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only city in Japan open to the outside world where only Dutch merchants were permitted to trade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term for centers of urban culture in Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Japanese theater in which actors were free to improvise and embellish the words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566). |
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Term
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Definition
| Later Persian empire (1501-1722) that was founded by Shah Ismail and that became a center for Shiism; the empire reached its peak under Shah Abbas the Great and was centered around capital of Isfahan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Islamic dynasty that ruled India from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries; the construction of the Taj Mahal is representative of their splendor; with the exception of the enlightened reign of Akbar, the increasing conflict between Hindus and Muslims was another of their legacies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide young boys to be slaves of the sultan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch of Islam that stressed that there were twelve perfect religious leaders after Muhammad and that the twelfth went into hiding and would return someday; Shah Ismail spread this variety through the Safavid empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief in shamans or religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers and who communicated with the gods and the spirits of nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| The traditional political and social order in Europe before the French Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Representatives of the Third Estate who wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen" and was replaced by the Convention in 1791. |
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Term
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Definition
| rise of the masses. aka an uprising i think |
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Term
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Definition
| Islamic religious warrior. |
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Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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Definition
| France's revolutionary 1789 declaration of rights stressing liberty, equality, and fraternity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tax in Islamic empires that was imposed on non-Muslims. |
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Term
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Definition
| An autonomous, self-governing community in the Ottoman empire. |
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Term
| Civil Code of 1804/Code Napolean |
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Definition
| Napoleon's reform that granted political and legal equality to all men. |
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Term
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Definition
| The new name of Constantinople after it is sacked by Sultan Mehmed II in 1453. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latin American term for nineteenth-century local military leaders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political ideology that resisted change in favor of tradition and viewed society as an organism that evolved slowly over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nineteenth- and twentieth-century ideology supporting individualism, political freedom, constitutional government, and (in the nineteenth century) laissez-faire economic policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slave troops serving the Ottoman Empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan, during which twenty to thirty million were killed; the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the nineteenth century. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Prussian Otto von Bismarck's "politics of reality," the belief that only the willingness to use force would actually bring about change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the nineteenth century that symbolized the decline of the Ottomans. |
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Term
| Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
| Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776; the document expressed the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment, represented the idealism of the American rebels, and influenced other revolutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Reorganization" era (1839-1876), an attempt to reorganize the Ottoman empire on Enlightenment and constitutional forms. |
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Term
| Steam engine (you might not need to know this) |
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Definition
| Device invented in 1765 by James Watts that burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel. Widespread use by 1800 permitted greatly increased productivity and cheaper prices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nineteenth-century Turkish reformers who pushed for changes within the Ottoman empire, such as universal suffrage and freedom of religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Material used for weapons and tools that became cheap and more widely available around 1000 B.C.E. |
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Term
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Definition
| District assemblies elected by Russians in the nineteenth century. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early-nineteenth-century artisans who were opposed to new machinery and industrialization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Late-nineteenth-century Russian minister of finance who pushed for industrialization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concept that reached mature form in 1860s in England and France; it entailed private business owned by thousands of individual and institutional investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enormous glass and iron structure built in 1851 in London for the Great Exhibition. Demonstrated British technological, economic, and military prowess. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term referring to the new social class of Russian intellectuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Russian parliament, established after the Revolution of 1905. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Center of Industrialization for the world and London from 1750-1900 |
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Term
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Definition
| Conflict lasting from 1839 to 1842 in which the Chinese efforts to stop the opium trade were rejected and crushed by the British. |
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Term
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Definition
| British treaty with China in which they gain rights to the opium trade, most-favored-nation status, Hong Kong, and exemption from Chinese laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of treaties that forced trade concessions from the Qing dynasty of China. |
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Term
| Self-Strengthening Movement |
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Definition
| Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Karl Marx's 1848 work decrying the excesses of capitalism and predicting the rising of the proletariat to establish a just, egalitarian society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political and economic theory of social organization based on the collective ownership of the means of production; its origins were in the early nineteenth century, and it differs from communism by a desire for slow or moderate change compared to the communist call for revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement (1899-1900) in which local militias attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians. Eventually put down by European and Japanese troops. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan. |
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Term
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| Project (1903-1914) allowing the U.S. access to the Atlantic and the Pacific. |
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| Meeting of the Byzantine church (325 C.E.) at which Arianism was declared heresy. |
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| Battle (1898) in which British troops kill 11,000 Sudanese in five hours, demonstrating the increasing power of Western military technologies. |
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| Japanese term for "wealthy cliques," which are similar to American trusts and cartels but usually organized around one family. |
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| Indian troops who served the British. |
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| Forced relocation of the Cherokee from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma (1837-1838); it was symbolic of U.S. expansion and destruction of indigenous Indian societies. |
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| War between America and Mexico from 1845 to 1848 that culminates with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in which the U.S. purchases Texas, California, and New Mexico. |
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| Nineteenth-century competition between Great Britain and Russia for the control of central Asia. |
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| People born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry. |
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| Political reform movement of Mexican president Benito Juárez (1806-1872) that called for limiting the power of the military and the Catholic church in Mexican society. |
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| Dutch farmers who settled South Africa during the seventeenth century. |
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| land and liberty (no idea the significance) |
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| American doctrine issued in 1823 during the presidency of James Monroe that warned Europeans to keep their hands off Latin America; the doctrine also expressed growing American strength and growing American imperialistic views regarding Latin America. |
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| Argentine cowboys, highly romantic figures. |
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| War lasting from 1898 to 1899 in which the United States took Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spanish control. |
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| Nineteenth-century philosophy, championed by thinkers such as Herbert Spencer, that attempted to apply Darwinian "survival of the fittest" to the social and political realm; adherents saw the elimination of weaker nations as part of a natural process and used the philosophy to justify war. |
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| Forum established in 1885 where educated Indians convened to discuss public affairs such as colonial misrule and aims for self-rule. |
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