Term
|
Definition
| Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen |
|
Definition
| Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution; stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution who was born into a family of lawyers. He published Enlightenment-styled political tracts. Headed the prosecution of the king and then took over the leadership of government and put down many factions, sponsored the Terror, and worked to centralize the government. He symbolized the "single-minded revolutionary." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century, stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political movement with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invented the steam engine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of revolutions such as the Chartist movement where the French monarchy was expelled for good and was replaced briefly by a democratic republic. Urban artists wanted social reforms and more jobs available to the unemployed. Women wanted more rights. Serfdom was abolished and France's government was replaced by Napoleon's authoritarian state. These were overall a failure and taught liberals and working-class leaders that revolution was too risky. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Architect of Italian unification of 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conservative prime minster of Prussia, architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870,; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species; argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed mathematical theories to explain behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vietnamese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1700s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The greater portion of European empires located in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where a small number of Europeans ruled large populations of non-Western peoples. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colonies which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the populations; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made up the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked acceptance in decades before
World War I; supported social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer areas in 1860s. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 resulting in opening of islands to the West; convinced Kamehameha to establish unified kingdom in the islands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French sugar island of St. Dominigue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories was captured and executed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until collapse in 1824. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creole officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Columbia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Columbia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, became constitutional emperor of Brazil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Independent leaders who dominated local areas by fore in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized nation administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the U.S.; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence. |
|
|
Term
| Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna |
|
Definition
| Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic from 1868 to 1874; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States that any society could move toward a brighter future by following the path taken earlier by western Europe through gradual changes rather than revolutions. Tended to disregard cultural differences, internal class conflicts, and struggles for power within nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican American War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States that rather than seeing underdevelopment or the lack of economic growth as a result of failed modernization, development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process. The development and growth of some areas, such as western Europe and the United States, were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed in 1914. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789-1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; formented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university; state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878-1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress who were determined to restore the 1876 constitution and resume far-reaching reforms within the empire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Egyptian army who suffered a loss in a bloody battle against the French. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople, died in 1848. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, reorganized importance of tradition of rational inquiry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced khedive to call on British army for support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Sufi belief system; a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broke out in south China in 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar gentry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II; gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political group seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and Americas in late 19th and early 20th centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881. |
|
|
Term
| Lenin/Vladimir Ilyih Ulyanov |
|
Definition
| Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of Russian Marxist movement; led by V. I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century; urged freer exchanged with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available to Japan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pas laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not control it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Following the end of the political crisis between the Samurai and the shogunate, Mutsuhito, or Meiji, became the emperor. He was also called "the enlightened one." |
|
|
