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AP World History Ch. 6-11
Important people, places, and terms
62
History
9th Grade
10/17/2011

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Term
Muhammad
Definition
Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father’s family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632. He fled to Medina, and is known to be the last/greatest of the prophets and considered the founder of Islam.
Term
Baghdad
Definition
Capital of the Abbasid Empire that was near the old Persian capital Ctesiphon.
Term
Mecca
Definition
Holiest city, also the location of Ka’aba and the birthplace of Muhammad.
Term
Medina (Yathrib)
Definition
Where Muhammad fled in the Hij’rah
Term
Umayyad Empire
Definition
Capital moved to Damascus, Syria, but Mecca still spiritual; Arabic became the official language; gold and silver coins became the money; and conquered subjects were encouraged to convert to Islam in order to est. a common faith throughout the empire. Supported Sunnis.
Term
Abbasid Empire
Definition
Saw a golden age where arts and sciences flourished; moved capital to Baghdad. Made alliances with the Shi’a when revolting against the Umayyads, but then rejected them and supported Sunni.
Term
Ka’ba
Definition
Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam.
Term
Qur'an
Definition
Holy book of Islam, thought to be Allah’s exact words.
Term
Five Pillars
Definition
One-faith in one god, Two-praying five times a day, Three-zakat or charity, Four-fasting during Ramadan, and Five-pilgrimage to Mecca.
Term
Caliph
Definition
Name given to leaders after Muhammad’s death.
Term
Ali
Definition
Muhammad’s son-in-law whose reign as caliph caused controversy and ultimately the split of Islam into the branches of sunni and shia.
Term
Abu Bakar
Definition
First of the rightly-guided caliphs. Played a role in writing the Quran and was a friend of Muhammad.
Term
Jihad
Definition
Struggle; often used for wars in defense of faith
Term
Sunni
Definition
Saw Ali in high esteem, but did not believe that he and his hereditary line are the chosen successors; rather, they contend that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of people.
Term
Shi'a
Definition
Holds that Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali was the rightful heir to the empire, based on Muhammad’s comments to Ali.
Term
Hij'rah
Definition
When Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina, beginning of Muslim capital. (622 A.D.)
Term
Seljuk Turks
Definition
Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century.
Term
Mongols
Definition
Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph.
Term
Saladin
Definition
Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam.
Term
Stateless Societies
Definition
African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states.
Term
Timbuktu
Definition
Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university.
Term
Kingdom of Kongo
Definition
Kingsom based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century, capital at Mbanza Kongo, ruled by hereditary monarchy.
Term
Sudanic States
Definition
Kingdoms developing at the height of Ghana’s power; had a patriarch or council of elders; had a territorial core area. Ex: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
Term
Demography
Definition
The study of population.
Term
Great Zimbabwe
Definition
Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; took title Mwene Mutapa.
Term
Maghrib
Definition
The Arabic word for western North Africa.
Term
Ethiopia
Definition
A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa.
Term
Mali
Definition
Practiced Islam; Mansa Musa, one of the greatest Mali rulers; pilgrimage to Mecca.
Term
Benin
Definition
Powerful city-state (in present-day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century.
Term
Demographic transition
Definition
Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Europe and the United states in late 19th century.
Term
West-African states
Definition
Mali, Songhay, and Ghana
Term
Byzantine Empire
Definition
Eastern half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire, retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; but later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople.
Term
Vladimir I
Definition
Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev who converted to Christianity
Term
Bulgaria
Definition
Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on the Byzantine Empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014.
Term
Cyril and Methodius
Definition
Along with Methodius, missionaries sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.
Term
Russian Orthodox
Definition
Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments.
Term
Tatars
Definition
Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact.
Term
Middle Ages
Definition
The period in western European history from the decline and fall of Rome Empire until the 15th century.
Term
Manorialism
Definition
System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
Term
Clovis
Definition
Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom.
Term
Three-field System
Definition
System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one third in spring grains, one third fallow.
Term
Magna Carta
Definition
Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.
Term
Charlemagne
Definition
Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany.
Term
Pope Gregory VII
Definition
Tried to purify the church and free it from feudal lords.
Term
Parliaments
Definition
Bodies representing priviledged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
Term
VIkings
Definition
Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries.
Term
Vassals
Definition
Members of the military elite who received land or benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty.
Term
Carolingian
Definition
Royal house (family) of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
Term
Holy Roman Emperors
Definition
Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following the spliut of Charlemagne’s empire; claimed title of emperor; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.
Term
William the Conqueror
Definition
Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.
Term
Thomas Aquinas
Definition
Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God.
Term
Guilds
Definition
Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities.
Term
Toltecs
Definition
Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E.
Term
Calpulli
Definition
Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors
Term
Topiltzin
Definition
Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula
Term
Tlaloc
Definition
Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and agriculture cycle; god of rain
Term
Tlatelolco
Definition
Had a large market; like Tenochtitlan.
Term
Quetzalcoatl
Definition
Toltec deity; feathered serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god.
Term
Pachacuti
Definition
Ruler of the Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.
Term
Split Inheritance
Definition
Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead inca’s mummy.
Term
Scholasticism
Definition
Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems.
Term
Peter Abelard
Definition
Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine
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