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| The period of time before written records |
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| System of hunting animals and gathering food; used before the Neolithic Revolution in the Paleolithic Era |
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"New Stone Age"
Use of sedentary agriculture in the Middle East marks the start of this era. Domestication of animals, a surplus of food, rising populations, and development of cities also occurred. First copper then bronze tools replaced stone tools, which improved agriculture, helped with warfare, and benefited manufacturing artisans. |
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| Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; location in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification. A neolithic city. |
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| From about 4000 B.C.E. when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it. |
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| Cattle and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies. |
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| The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period. |
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| The taming of wild animals |
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| The Old Stone Age ending in t 12000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. |
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Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.
Had stratified classes, trade, cities, writing, and formal institutions such as government and religion. |
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| Tigris-Euphrates Civilization |
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| Developed in Mesopotamia and one of the few civilizations that developed from scratch. Had pottery industry, art, farmers who were familiar with bronze and copper, irrigation systems, and political structures. Sumerians created the cuneiform writing system. Had a polytheistic religion with ziggurats made especially for the deities. Developed and organized in city-states that were ruled by a king who claimed divine authority and carefully defined boundaries. |
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| People who migrated to Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. |
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| Belief in more than one god or deity |
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| Indus River Valley Civilization |
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| Civilization in India that included the cities Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, whose houses had running water. Trade w/Mesopotamia and had their own alphabet. |
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| Huang-He River Valley Civilization |
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| Civilization that developed along the Huanghe (Yellow River) in China that developed in isolation, however contact w/India and the Middle East did develop. They had advanced technology and had an elaborate intellectual life. Developed ideographic symbols and worked with iron and coal. |
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| Nile River Valley Civilization |
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| Egyptian civilization that formed by 3000 B.C.E., benefited from the trade and technological influence from Mesopotamia, but it produced a different society and culture and was less open to invasion and therefore retained a unified state throughout most of its history. King was the pharaoh who had immense power. Built the pyramids and had more advancements in math. |
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| First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of hte Huanghe; flourished 1600-1046 B.C.E. |
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| First monotheistic religion that formed in the Middle East. |
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| One of China's greatest thinkers who came up with Confucianism during the end of the Zhou dynasty due to political disruption. |
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| An ethical system based on relationships and personal virtue that became the predominant philosophy. |
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| Taught harmony with nature and humble living; created by Laozi. |
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| Founder of Daoism and the most popular figure for this philosophy. |
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| Period of war and disruption after the Zhou dynasty. |
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| One of the three classical Chinese dynasties |
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| Dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty that came about after the period of warring states. Founded by Shi Huangdi who was a brutal ruler who followed Legalism. Started the building of the Great Wall. |
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| The third dynasty of classical China that succeeded the Qin. |
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| The form of government in classical China with the scholar gentry in control and a brutal examination system. Followed ideas of Confucianism. |
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| Founder of the Qin dynasty. Started the building of the Great Wall and followed Legalist ideas. |
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| Structure that was built during the Qin dynasty under Shi Huangdi. |
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| Writings written by Confucius |
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| Educated people who ran the Chinese professional bureaucracy that aided the emperor and who followed the teachings of Confucius. |
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| One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. |
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| Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great. First rulers to unify much of the entire subcontinent who borrowed directly fro Persian political models. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya and later ruled by Ashoka who was even greater and who adopted Buddhism. |
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| Eras of Vedic and Epic tales written by the Aryans; written in Sanskrit. |
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| Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. |
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| Grandson of Chaundragupta Maurya who was the greatest ruler of the Mauryan dynasty. Completed conquests of Indian subcontinent and sponsored the spread of Buddhism throughout the empire. |
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| Dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E.; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of the Indian sub-continent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire. |
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| Founder of the Mauryan dynasty who successfully united much of the continent for the first time. Adopted heavily from Alexander the Great. |
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| A polytheistic faith that gradually became more complex that stresses reincarnation, the shallowness of worldly concerns, and dharma, the moral path. |
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| System of social order in India that survived even after political institutions died down due to invaders. Kept the civilization unified. Top were the priests and warriors (varnas), then the traders and farmers (vaisyas), then the commoners (sudras), and finally the untouchables who were confined to few jobs. |
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| Priests in the caste system |
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| Originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas. |
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| Creator of a major Indian and ASian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. |
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| Religion founded by Buddha or Siddharta Guatama that follows the eightfold path in order to achieve nirvana. |
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| suffering is always present in life; desire is the cause of suffering; freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana; the Eightfold Path leads to nirvana |
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| The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life. |
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| The Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility |
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| Epic poems with a more mystical religious flavor. |
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| Civilization that developed in Europe in present day Italy and the surrounding islands that created city states, the Olympic games, etc. |
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| One of the major city states governed by Pericles during its highest point. Had a direct democracy. |
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| Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E. guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War. |
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| Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires. |
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| Culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E. |
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| That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms. |
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| One of the pan-Hellinic rituals observed by all Greek city-states involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations. |
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| War between the city states Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece. |
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| Successor of Phillip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures. Greatest impact was cultural diffusion. |
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| Writer of Greek tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex. |
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| Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts. |
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| Government system in which citizens are allowed to shape policy in the form of general assemblies. |
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| Two of the most famous epics from Greek literature written by Homer. |
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| Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian youth. |
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| Name to the empire created by Alexander the Great. |
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| Hellinistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. |
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| Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world. |
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| Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellinistic architecture; the most ornate of the three. |
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| Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellinistic architecture; more ornate than Doric but less so than corinthian. |
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| A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agriculture hinterlands ruler by an urban-based king. |
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| First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals. |
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| City in North Africa that developed trading outposts in Italy; Rome toke control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars |
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| Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. |
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| Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities |
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| Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. |
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| An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. |
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| Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic to protect individual following demands by plebeians. |
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| People who were elected by an assembly dominated by hereditary aristocrats known as patricians; aided in the Roman Republic |
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| Made of 60 centuries in the Roman military. |
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| Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power |
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| A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. |
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| Along with Julius Caesar and Crassus, made the first triumvirate |
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| in Ancient Rome, a plebian officer elected by plebeians charged to protect their lives and properties, with a right of veto against legislative proposals of the Senate. |
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| A Jewish teacher that taught devotion to God and love for fellow human beings. Christians think of Him as the Savio |
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| This sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. Often associated with St. Thomas Aquinas. |
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| term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism |
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| Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. |
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| The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. |
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| Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. |
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| A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600. |
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| A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. |
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| period in the 16th and 17th centuries where many thinkers rejected doctrines of the past dealing with the natural world in favor of new scientific ideas. |
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| European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country |
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| A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. |
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| God is a watchmaker; The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. |
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| An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries. |
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| The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. |
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| In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of them worked as artisans and in factories; in Russia it was not abolished until 1861. |
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| Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
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| Capital of Russia under Peter the Great and afterwards as Russia gained land near the ocean. |
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| Old capital of Russia prior to St. Petersburg |
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| A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. |
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| Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) |
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| Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king. |
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| Practice of interracial marriage or sexual contact; found virtually in all colonial ventures. |
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| castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China. |
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