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| Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. |
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| A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. |
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| An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, killing off a third of western Europeans. |
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| A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. |
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| An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. |
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| In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. _____s were also important in other societies, such as the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. |
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| Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. |
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| A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian ___________, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) ___________, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century. |
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| Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in the Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern ____________. |
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| A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. |
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| European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. |
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| A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. |
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| A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. |
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| Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. |
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| Historians' term for the monarchies of France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. |
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| Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. |
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