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AP US History Final 1
study guide
172
History
10th Grade
01/09/2011

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Indian Tribes in Ohio Valley 1789
Definition

 

none of these 

 

Term
Frontiers Folk Loyalty and the US Government - 1789's
Definition
  • British 
  • Spain
  • Native Americans
---------------------------------------------------------------------
all of the above

 

Term
Washington Cabinet Departments
Definition

Congress established the First Cabinet 

 

  1. Secretary of State
  2. Secretary of Treasury
  3. Secretary of War
  4. Attorney General 

 

Term
Washington's Style of Presidential Leadership
Definition

 

  • Federalist - suspicious of the common people 
  • Whiskey Rebellion - citizens must obey federal law 
    • wanted to show the power of the federal government
Differed to congress on domestic issues, and spoke publicly only the foreign relations and military affairs.  

 

Term
Established Washington's Domestic Priorities
Definition

 

  • National Bank - supported
  • Tax on Whiskey - supported 
Alexander Hamilton 

 

Term
Hamilton's Domestic Program
Definition

 

  • Public Credit, which addressed the pressing issue of the national debt 

  • National Bank, which advised a national bank as the way to a strong economy 

  • Manufactures, which advised for a diversified, urban, manufacturing economy

 

Term
Hamilton and Revolutionary Debt
Definition

 

  • Wanted to create a National Bank 
  • The Federal Government would assume the debts of the states 

 

Term
Hamilton and State Debt
Definition

 

  • Proposed the federal government would pay off the state debts
    • the bill 

 

Term
Hamilton National Bank
Definition

  • Established to manage the Nation's finances 
  • Provide the government with short term credit 
  • Restore the Nation's credit 
  • Approved in 1791

Term
Hamilton's Report on Manufactures
Definition

  • Recommended economic policies to stimulate the new republic's economy after the war
  • Attacked by Jefferson 
  • In support of the wealthy class  

Term
Arguments against Hamilton's National Bank
Definition
  • The South thought the North would take advantage of them
  • Jefferson and Madison said it wasn't in the Constitution, so you couldn't do it 
    • Hamilton said the Constitution didn't say he couldn't, so he could 
Term

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Interpretations of the Constitution 

Definition

Hamilton
  • "If the Constitution doesn't say I can't, then I can"
Jefferson
  • "If the Constitution doesn't say you can, then you can't"
On the issue of a National Bank 

Term
Developments of Political Coalitions
Definition

 

  • Began to develop during Washington's first term 
  • The issue of Hamilton's financial program 

 

Term
First Internal Challenge to Federal Government
Definition

 

Occurred in Western Pennsylvania

 

Term
Whiskey Rebellion
Definition

 

  • Federal Government --> Tax on Whiskey (1791)
  • Merchants and Supporters in western Pennsylvania fought against the tax
  • It was taxed anyways 

 

Term
Washington and the Indian Policy
Definition

  • Partnered with Henry Knox 
  • Indian Nations = Foreign Entities 
  • Wanted to settle the land from the Appalachian Mnts to the Mississippi River
  • He pushed them out of the way 

Term
American Opinion of Anglo-French Struggle after the French Revolution
Definition

  • America stayed neutral 

Term
American response to France's War against Britain
Definition

  • America had made a treaty with France that if they went to war with Britain, the US would step in and help them
  • They didn't
  • France - "You stabbed us in the back!"

Term
Thomas Jefferson and the Judiciary
Definition

  • Jefferson had Congress repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801
  • He wanted the people to elect the branches of government, except judiciary

Term
John Pickering and Samuel Chase
Definition

John Pickering 
  • Federal District Judge
  • Impeached by Democratic-Republican Congress 
Samuel Chase
  • Supreme Court Justice 
  • Only Supreme Court Justice to be Impeached 

Term
Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase
Definition

 

  • Jefferson purchased Louisiana with a French treaty on April 30, 1803
  • Napoleon wanted to establish French colonies in North America, but Jefferson created the treaty so he couldn't 
  • Jefferson didn't want France and Spain to have the power to block American trading routes 
    • waterways 
  • It wasn't in the Constitution
  • Purchased for $15 million 

 

Term
John Marshall and the Constitution
Definition

  • Believed the Constitution had an implied power to be able to strike down other laws, thus making it superior to all other laws
  • Marbury vs. Madison - Judicial Review
    • strengthened the position of the judiciary branch 
    • made the Supreme Court the center of power 

Term
Louis and Clark Expedition
Definition

 

  • Sent to explore the Louisiana Purchase by Jefferson
    • May 14, 1804
  • Helped established the legal claim made by the US
  • Opened trade routes 

 

Term
Twelfth Amendment
Definition

  • Describes the process of how the Electoral College determines the Presidency 

Term

Jefferson and the Quid's 

Definition

  • Congressman John Randolf broke with Jefferson and Madison in 1806 
    • his faction was called the "Quids"
  • The Quids supported Republican ideals
    • believed Jefferson wasn't true to their party's "country" ideology 

Term
British Rule of 1756
Definition

  • British maritime regulation - neutral nations could not trade in wartime with ports normally closed to them by mercantilistic restriction in time of peace
  • John Jay and the Jay Treaty - America stayed neutral 

Term
Impressment's of John Adam's foreign Policy
Definition

 

To secure American borders and strengthen the peace with Great Britain

 

Term
Embargo Act
Definition
  • Act of 1807 - stopped all trade between American and other countries 
  • Stimulated the growth of manufacturing in the United States
  • Most strongly opposed by New England

 

Term
Non-Intercourse Act
Definition
  • American ships were "attacked"
  • The non-Intercourse Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports.
  • Planned to stop commercial intercourse except between the US, Britain, and France 
Term
Macon's Bill #2
Definition

 

  • Repealed the Non-Intercourse Act which forbade British or French warships from entering American waters
  • Reopened trade with Britain and France and determined that if either nation repealed the US would halt all commerce with the other nation

 

Term
War Hawks
Definition

 

  • Group of Republicans from the West and South who wanted to take
    • Canada from Britain
    • Florida from Spain 

 

Term
Battle of Tippecanoe
Definition

 

  • Part of Tecumseh's War between the US and the Indian Confederacy 
  • Helped the United States win control of the Northwest Territory
  • The Native American confederation was weakened
  • Commander and Governor William Henry Harrison emerged as a hero

 

Term
Main Source of Votes in Favor of War with Britain
Definition
War of 1812
  • Republican votes In Favor of war
    • Pennsylvania
    • Maryland
    • Virginia
  • Not in favor of war 
    • New England Federalists 
Term

Reasons for War with Britain in 1812

 

Definition

 

  1. Britain's incitement of the Indians 
  2. Belief that continuing British restrictions on US shipping were causing the recession in the South and West
  3. Madison's view that England intended to ruin America as a commercial rival 

 

Term
Treaty of Ghent
Definition

  • US and British commissioners met at Ghent to make peace
  • Britain demanded territory from the US
    • the US refused
  • Britain didn't have control of the Great Lakes - they backed down 
  • December 1814 treaty was signed that restored the status quo
  • Victory at Battle of New Orleans two weeks before had no baring on its terms 

Term
Hartford Convention
Definition

  • Resulted in the end of the Federalist party
  • Resolutions were passed aimed at strengthening the region's power
  • Protective Tariff = tax on imported goods
    • encourage Americans to buy American products instead of imported products 

Term
Era of Good Feelings
Definition

Postwar Period

  • Characterized by a heightened spirit of nationalism and a new political consensus 
  • Republicans enacted the chartering of a new national bank, and help for domestic manufacturing with a protective tariff
  • Issue of slavery broke down sectional harmony 

Term
American Systems
Definition

  • Program for economic development by Henry Clay 

Term
Events During Madison's Presidency
Definition

  • He participated in the War of 1812 
  • He participated in the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States

Term
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Definition

  • Chief Justice John Marchall wrote opinions that strengthened the power of the federal government 
    • at the expense of state sovereignty 
McCulloch vs. Maryland (court case)
  • Favored the Hamiltonian broad interpretation of the Constitution
  • Prohibited states from interfering with the exercise of federal powers 

Term
Force Bill
Definition

1833
  • "An Act further to provide for the collection of duties on imports"
  • Allowed Jackson to use force if necessary to impose a tariff in South Carolina 

Term
Tariff Controversy of the early 1830's
Definition

Term
Andrew Jackson and the Bank of the US
Definition

  • Jackson tried to bankrupt the Second Bank
    • removing federal government deposits and distributing them to accounts in state-chartered banks
  • "Pet Banks"
  • Led to the Panic of 1837

Term
Pet Banks
Definition

  • Part of Andrew Jackson's plan to bankrupt the Second Bank of the US
  • "State banks that received deposits of federal money"

Term
Hard Money vs. Soft Money
Definition

Hard Money

 

  • Gold or Silver

 

Soft Money

 

  • Paper

 

Term
Locofocos
Definition

 

 

A worker's party that advocated hard money from New York 

 

Term
Main Opposition to Andrew Jackson
Definition

 

Whig Party 

Term
Who supported the Whig Party?
Definition

  • Anti-Masons
  • Northern Temperance Reformers 
  • Supporters of Internal Improvements
  • Southern Advocated of Nullification 

Term
Specie Circular
Definition

 

Said only specie was to be accepted in payment for public land 

Term
Van Buren and the Independent Treasury
Definition

 

Van Buren said the purpose of the Independent Treasury was to help keep federal money out of the grasp of business corporations 

Term
The Election of 1840
Definition

Whig Party

  • William Henry Harrison (P)
  • John Tyler (VP)  
Democratic Party 
  • Martin Van Buren (P)
  • no VP
  • lost because of the economic depression, military record of Harrison, refusal of the Whig party to publish a platform, and his sluggish campaigning 

Term
Increase of Popular Vote between 1836 and 1840
Definition
Cause: higher percentage of eligible voter's actually voting 
Term
Revivalism
Definition

Period of Revivalism in the early 19th century

  • Second Great Awakening 

Term
Perfectionism
Definition

 

The belief that people can live without sin

Term
Unitarians
Definition

 

Believed that Jesus was not diving but merely an exemplary human being 

Term
Mormanism
Definition

Described as "Pushing against the currents of American religion and society"

  • It appealed to the downtrodden and insecure rather than to the prosperous and secure
  • It embraced polygyny
  • It emphasized economic cooperation rather than competitiveness
  • It rejected the Bible as the only source of revelation

Term
Shakers
Definition

 

Believed that God contained both male and female elements

 

Term
Reform Movement during the age of Jackson
Definition

  1. Temperance
  2. Women's rights
  3. Abolition
  4. Public Education 

Term
Temperance
Definition

The movement made one of their main targets the moderate drinkers among the laboring classes

  • Drinking interfered with the orderly and steady habits required by the new factory system 

Term
School Reform Movement
Definition

Goals Included:

  1. Spreading uniform cultural values
  2. Classifying pupils by age and attainment
  3. Making attendance compulsory
  4. Encouraging orderliness and thrift in the common people 

Term
Who was the most famous white Abolitionist?
Definition

 

William Lloyd Garrison 

Term
Gag Rule
Definition
Repealed in 1845 because of John Quincy Adams 
Term
Seneca Falls
Definition

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

  • Equal Rights for women 

Term
Utopian Communities
Definition

Major Utopian Communities

 

  1. New Harmony, Indiana
  2. Brook Farm, Massachusetts
  3. Hopedale, Massachusetts
  4. Oneida, New York 

 

Founders believed that if social arrangements could be perfected, the ills of society could be eliminated

 

  • They can only survive when they were isolated from the rest of society 

 

Term
Andrew Jackson and John Marshall
Definition

Andrew Jackson

 

 

John Marshall 

 

 

Term
Percentage of Americans that lived between the Appalachian and the Mississippi River in 1840
Definition

 

1/3 = 33%

Term
Lowell and Waltham Textile Mills
Definition

 

  • Massachusetts Mills
  • Started by the Boston Associates
  • The first to concentrate total cloth production within the factory 
  • Lowell women staged two of the largest strikes in American history in 1830 to that date 

 

Term
Midnight Judges
Definition

 The judicial appointments made by President John Adams just before he was succeeded by Jefferson

 

Term
Judiciary Act of 1801
Definition

 

Demonstrated that the Federalists were going to make the judiciary their stronghold 

Term
Compared with the North, the Old south had a higher________?
Definition
Murder Rate
Term
What is a crop not associated with the Old South?
Definition
Wheat
Term
Upper South vs. Lower South
Definition

After about 1830, both were united in their defense of slavery

Term
Differences between the North and South
Definition
Southern factories were smaler and more closely tied to agriculture.
Term
Why did factories develop slowly in the South?
Definition
The economic rewards of agriculture were more certain

Slave discipline was difficult to maintain in a factory system

Industrialization might have disrupted the traditional southern social structure

Industrial slavery troubled Southerners
Term
Why did Southern education lagg?
Definition
No public school system
Term
What was the persentage of White Southern families who owned slaves in 1860?
Definition
25%
Term
What was the largest group of southern whites?
Definition
Yeomen
Term
Lives of the plantation Mistresses
Definition
Marked by isolation, drudgery, and humiliation
Term
What did the typical southern Yeomen hope for?
Definition
Self-sufficiency with a modest prophet
Term
The White folk of the Pine Barrens
Definition
Usually worked for planters as tenant farmers, sharecroppers, or overseers
Term
Antebellum Southern Politics
Definition
Serious and diverse issues caused fragmentation
Term
Hinton R. Helper
Definition
Published a book in 1857 calling upon nonslaveowning whites of the South to abolish slavery in their own interest.
Term
Why did non-slaveholding Southerners support the slave system?
Definition
It didn't matter how poor you were, slaves were still inferior

Some hoped to become slaveholders

Feared freemen would demand social/political equality with whites

Southern whites shared racist beliefs about blacks and feared emancipation would be followed by a race war and enganger the lives of the whites
Term
Pro-slavery arguments
Definition
Prophet
Slavery was ordained by God
Factory workers were treated worse than salves
Term
White relations in the Old South
Definition
A complex code of honor
Term
Evangical Churches
Definition
One of the few groups in the old South to speak out against dueling, drinking.
Term
American Slave Populations by 1830
Definition
They had increased in number
Term
Work of plantation Slaves
Definition
They worked long hours throught the year and were subject to brutal discipline
Term
Hallmarks of West African cultures of which many American slaves had originated
Definition
Broad Kinship Ties
Term
How was John Tyler's ascending to Presidency a disaster for the Whig party?
Definition

  • Tyler had broken with Jackson over nullification, but continued to favor the Democratic philosophy of states rights
  • Tyler's monumenting veto's
  • He was a former Democrat

Term
Not a reason why some anti-slavery Northerners believed there was a Southern Conspiracy to extend slavery to the Southwest
Definition
Andrew Jackson
Term
Secretary Calhoun Treaty to annex Texas
Definition
The Senate rejected the treaty because Calhoun defended annexation as a way to protect and defend slavery.
Term
Groups not likely to support territorial expansion
Definition
Members of the Whig party 
Term
American reasons to support territorial expansion
Definition

  • Acquisition of pacific ports for the Asian trade
  • Acquisition of Oregon and CA as markets for American surplus
  • Belief that expansion would safeguard democracy by enabling the US to remain an agricultural Nation
  • It was America's destiny to posses the entire continent 

Term
Manifest Destiny
Definition
God was on our side, and it was our destiny to posses North America for coast to coast 
Term
Causes of the Mexican American War
Definition


The Texas annexation
 
Border disputes

Northerners feared that the Mexican government would try to expand northward and extend the slave system

 

Term
Polk/Mexico
Definition
Polk wanted California, Utah, and New Mexico territories 
Term
Opposition to the Mexican American War - except
Definition
The Mexican Army was 4x's larger 
Term
Mexican Army in the Mexican American War
Definition
They fought bravely and stubbornly, but they were unsuccessful 
Term
Reason for American victories encountered with Mexican forces - except
Definition
American Yellow Fever 
Term
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 
Definition
US Government agreed to pay American citizens 
Term
Hero of the Mexican American War
Definition
Zachary Taylor 
Term
End of the Mexican American War and the extension of slavery opposition - except
Definition
The best way to stabilize and Americanize the new territories was to move black slaves to the area immediately. 
Term
Wilmot Proviso 
Definition
Stipulation that slavery be prohibited in any territory acquired in the negotiations with Mexico
Term
Why did John C Calhoun believe the Federal Government could not prohibit slavery?
Definition
Slaver were property, so they were protected by the Constitution
Term
Popular Sovereignty 
Definition
Allowing residents of a territory to decide whether to permit slavery there 
Term
Which of the following was not one of the groups that formed the 1848 Free Soil Party, who nominated Martin Van Buren for President?
Definition
Former support to John C Calhoun 
Term
San Francisco Gold Rush
Definition

  • Caused their economy to experience a boom 
  • Caused their population to rapidly increase 

Term
Route Americans preferred from New York to San Francisco in 1850 
Definition

Sail in a clipper ship from New York to Cape Horn 

 

NY----|_                                                |----Cape Horn

           |____________________________|

Term
Why did Mormons move to the desert?
Definition
Violence 
Term
People or groups who were nativist and anti-Catholic 
Definition

  • Know-Nothings
  • Samuel B Morris
  • Beecher 

Term
Donner Party
Definition

  • Overland Trail
  • Stuck on the mountains during the winter
  • They ate each other 

Term
Presidios
Definition
Spanish forts to protect missions in the South West 
Term
Fugitive Slave Act
Definition
Said that alleged fugitive slaves had no right to a jury trial 
Term
Personal Liberty Laws
Definition
State laws aimed at hampering enforcement of the Fugitive slave act 
Term
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Definition
The book and the dramatizations based on it reached millions of people and convinced many Waverers that slavery was wrong. 
Term
Presidential Election of 1852
Definition
Franklin Pierce won with almost no opposition 
Term
Decline of the Whig Party
Definition
They suffered an internal north-south split over the slavery issue
Term
Conscience Whigs 
Definition
The northern, antislavery wing of the party, led by Senator William Seward of New York
Term
Stephen Douglass's motives in sponsoring the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Definition

  • Advance settlement of Kansas and Nebraska 
  • Promote the building of a transcontinental railroad through the area 

Term
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Definition
Applied popular sovereignty to Nebraska and Kansas 
Term
Free-Soil position on slavery - not
Definition
Geographic Limits
Term
Gadsden Purchase
Definition
Small strip of land in Southern Arizona and New Mexico 
Term
Ostend Manifesto
Definition
Pertained to Cuba
Term
Filibusters
Definition
Organized unofficial military expeditions to Central America
Term
End of the Whig Party
Definition
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Term
Decline of the Know-Nothings - except
Definition
Radical policy of open membership and public meetings
Term
The New Republican Party derived support form all groups except...?
Definition
Former Southern Democrats
Term
Unify the Republican Party
Definition
"Bleeding Kansas"
Term
Bleeding Kansas
Definition
The main issue unifying the otherwise diverse New Republican Party 
Term
1856 Presidential Election
Definition

Result

  • Sectional party came close to capturing the presidency

Term
James Buchanan's Position on Slavery
Definition
He thought slavery was wrong

He didn't want to eliminate slavery, but he wanted to make sure it didn't expand into areas where it didn't already exist
Term
Dred Scott Decision
Definition
It barred slavery in the territories
Term
Lecompton Constitution
Definition
Protected property rights of Kansas slaveholders and provided for a referendum.

Would have provided a proslavery government for Kansas
Term
What did Abraham Lincoln declare in the Lincoln Douglas Debates?
Definition
How can you support the Dred Scott decision and support popular sovereignty?
Term
Freeport Doctrine
Definition

Steven Douglass

  • Pointed out how settlers could exclude slavery from a territory despite the Dred Scott decision
  • Compatible because the states could in effect exclude slavery
Term
Results of the 1858 Illinois Senatorial Election
Definition
Stephan Douglas lost crucial political support

Lincoln's election further split the Democratic party
Term
Result of John Brown raid at Harper Ferry Virginia
Definition
Both Northern abolitionists and Southern fire-eaters were incensed
Term
Reasons for Southern beginning to speak about succession in the mid 1950's - except
Definition
Their long-standing yearnings for independence
Term
Republican party position in the election of 1860
Definition
Said: "There should be no further extension of slavery into the territories"
Term
Republican Party economic policy of 1860
Definition
Included the following features:

Federal aid for internal improvements

A protective tariff

Free 160 acre homesteads for settlers on publicly-owned land
Term
1860 Presidential Canidate position on slavery
Definition
Breckenridge: Congress

Douglass: Popular sovereignty

John C. Breckenridge: Protecting slavery
Term
Why were states of the upper South so relcutant to succeed?
Definition
Economic ties

Battleground

Accepting secession
Term
Crittenden Compromise
Definition
Constitutional ammendment to prohibit federal interference with Southern slavery
Term
North and South unprepared for War - except
Definition
No one in either section had expected hostilities
Term
How did the Confederacy provide for needs?
Definition
Munitions captured on battle fields

Government owned factories

Imports for Europe

Private Ferms
Term
Most effective in raising revenue
Definition
Printing Paper
Term
Consumer price during the War
Definition
The north had an inflation rate of 80%, while the South had an inflation rate of 9,000%
Term
National Bank Act of 1863
Definition
Term
Why was the Union politically cohesive (strong)?
Definition
The south had no tradition of vigorous politics or strong political leadership
Term
Ex Parte Merryman
Definition
The Supreme Court ruled that President Lincoln had exceeded his authority in suspending Hapeas Corpus in Maryland
Term
Why was the Civil War the first modern war? - except
Definition
Vastly improved military tactics
Term
South superior to the North
Definition
Spirit

Reason for fighting

Better Generals
Term
Development of the Rifle
Definition
Important because it enabled generals to rely less on cavalry
Term
Anaconda Plan
Definition
Purpose was to seal off the Confederacy along the Mississippi adn the coast through a blockade
Term
George B. McClellan
Definition
Army of the Potomac

The Union's main fighting force in the East

Few eenerals could match his ability to dicipline troups
Term
Peninsula Campaign - not
Definition
1862: Union Generals boldness and willingness to accept casualties
Term
Battle of Antieam in September 1862
Definition
Result:

Encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
Term
Stalemate
Definition
Marked the first two years of conflict in the Civil War in the EAST
Term
Naval activity during the Civil War - not
Definition
Union used its superior...
Term
Diplomatic recognition by England or France
Definition
The confederacy expected recognition because they believed that Great Britain was socially as well as economicaly dependent on Southern cotton
Term
Lincoln and Confiscation of Rebel Property
Definition
Some Northerners viewed it as a useful tool of war

Southerners were protected by the Constitution's pretection of property

Union had four slave states

The Pro-slavery Democrats

Lack of sentiments in the Republican Party
Term
Emancipation Proclamation
Definition
Issued by President Lincoln

Freed the slaves in areas of rebellion against the US Government
Term
Slaves during the Civil War
Definition
Ran to Union lines when they could

Worked for/fought for the North
Term
Frederick Douglas as an Army recruiter
Definition
Douglas believed that black participation in the Army would be a step toward black citizenship
Term
Black Soldiers Experience
Definition
Much higher risks

Death rates were high

------------------------------------------------------------

NONE OF THESE
Term
Vicksburg/Port Hudson
Definition
It gave the North control over the whole Mississippi River
Term
Republican Economic Measures - NOT
Definition
Free Trade Policy of Low Tariffs
Term
Southern Economy during the War
Definition
Destroyed

Much harder to revive than the North
Term
Southern Agriculture
Definition
The Northern economy centered around industry and factories, while the Southern was mainly agricultural

------------------------------------------------------------
ALL OF THESE
Term
Handling of Dissent
Definition
Abraham Lincoln was far less hesitant about imposing Martial Law and suspending the fundamental right of Habeas Corups than was Jefferson Davis
Term
Complexity of American Society after Independence
Definition

 

  • Shift
  • Thousands
  • Slavery
---------------------------------------------------------------------
all of the above

 

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