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| Movement to reform the Catholic church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, & encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church. |
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| Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina. |
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| Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire. |
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| Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration & settlement of the Americas. |
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| Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fun England's early colonial ventures. |
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| Legal document granted by government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, & spelling out the attending rights & obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. |
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| First permanent English settlement in North American founded by the Virginia Company. |
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| Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy & English settlers in Virginia. English colonies, torched & pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish. |
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| Second Anglo-Powhatan War |
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| Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated White & Indian areas of settlement. |
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| Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews & Atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period. |
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| First formal statue governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th & 18th centuries. |
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| Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded & "democratic" than its neighbors. |
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| Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation. |
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| Defeated by South Carolina in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern Colonies. |
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| In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British & Spanish territory. |
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| Bound together five tribes-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Orondagas, the Cayugas, & the Senecas-in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. |
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| Separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s; formed the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. |
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| Heavily Protestant queen who crushed Irish revolt & encouraged the exploration of the Americas. |
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| "Sea dog"; looter of Spanish ships |
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| Launched failures in colonization for England but important to move forward; infamous for his colony on Roanoke Island. |
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| Granted a charter to joint-stock Virginia Company, which led to historic rights & settlements of the New World. |
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| Saved the colony of Jamestown by making the famous statement "He who shall not work shall not eat." Later saved by Pocahantas. |
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| Wanted peaceful relations between his tribe & Virginia settlers; demonstrated by a mock execution of John Smith. |
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| Daughter of Powhatan who "rescued" John Smith from his mock execution. |
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| Arrived to Jamestown in 1610 with a war order against nearby Indians that caused a series of Anglo-Powhatan Wars. |
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| Married Pocahontas to create the first interracial Viriginian marriage; eventually died in the series of clashes with Indians. |
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| Founder of the Catholic refuge colony of Maryland in 1634 that later became mixed groupings. |
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| Emerged as the leader of England after the overthrow of Charles I during the Civil War. |
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| One of the main founders of Georgia; fended off Spanish attacks from the South to make the colony a buffer between English & Spanish land. |
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| Most notable leader/founder of the Iroquois Confederacy. |
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