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Chapter 12: Second War for Independence, Rise of Nationalism
N/A
30
History
11th Grade
04/22/2013

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Term
War of 1812
Definition
Fought between Britain & the United States largely over the issues of trade & impressment.  Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interest militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.
Term
Battle of New Orleans
Definition
Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence & fueling an outpouring of nationalism.  Final battle of the War of 1812.
Term
Congress of Vienna
Definition
Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of Continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.
Term
Treaty of Ghent
Definition
Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.
Term
Hartford Convention
Definition
Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 & resented the strength of Southern & Western interestes in Congress & in the White House.
Term
Rush-Bagot Agreement
Definition
Signed by Britain & the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.
Term
Tariff of 1816
Definition
First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.
Term
American System
Definition
Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry.  Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.
Term
Era of Good Feelings
Definition
Popular name for the period of one-party Republican rule during James Monroe's presidency.  The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, & the national bank.
Term
Panic of 1819
Definition
Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands.  It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy.
Term
Land Act of 1820
Definition
Fueled the settlement of the Northwest & Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land.  Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.
Term
Tallmadge Amendment
Definition
Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory & pave the way for gradual emancipation.  Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment which the perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North & South.
Term
Peculiar Institution
Definition
Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South.  Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North where slavery was gradually abolished & the South were slavery became increasingly entrenched.
Term
Missouri Compromise
Definition
Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North & South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts & prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36° 30'.
Term
McCulloch v. Maryland
Definition
Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority & upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the state of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.
Term
Loose Construction
Definition
Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its Constitutionality mandated responsibilities.
Term
Cohens v. Virginia
Definition
Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.
Term
Gibbons v. Ogden
Definition
Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters.  The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.
Term
Fletcher v. Peck
Definition
Established firmer protection for private property & asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.
Term
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Definition
Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against charges proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.
Term
Anglo-American Convention
Definition
Signed by the British & the United States, the pact allowed New England fisherman access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of the Louisiana territory & provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.
Term
Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty)
Definition
Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.
Term
Monroe Doctrine
Definition
Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas.  The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.
Term
Russo-American Treaty
Definition
Fixed the line of 54° 40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.
Term
Isaac Brock
Definition
British naval general who gained early victories in the War of 1812.
Term
Oliver Hazard Perry
Definition
American naval officer who had control of forces on the Great Lakes; became a hero as a result of his victories.
Term
Thomas Macdonough
Definition
Commander of an American fleet who won a huge battle at Plattsburgh in the War of 1812.
Term
Francis Scott Key
Definition
Wrote the Star-Spangled Banner based off of his account of the battle for Baltimore at Fort McHenry.
Term
James Monroe
Definition
Fourth President of the United States; gained a portion of Florida from the Spanish along with the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon; had little control in office.
Term
George Canning
Definition
British foreign secretary who tried to get the U.S. to join Britain in announcing the interests of Latin America.
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