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AP U.S. History
Unit 4 & 5
60
History
11th Grade
09/22/2011

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Term
Henry Clay
Definition

Known as the "Great Compromiser"; He wrote the Missouri Compromise, The Compromise Tariff of 1833, the Compromise of 1850

He was involved in a "coruppt bargain" (Adams wins Presidency [1824], Clay is Secretary of State).

Term
Henry David Thoreau
Definition
American Transcendentalist; wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience.
Term
Horace Mann
Definition
Educational reformer; wanted equal opportunity, tax-supported schools, better future for children b/c only the rich families could afford school at the time.
Term
Indian Removal Act
Definition
Andrew Jackson's ignorance to Native American court cases; he ordered thousands of Native Americans off of American land and  into the reservation of Oklahoma.
Term
Jacksonian Democracy
Definition
The political movement toward greater democracy for the common man typified by Andrew Jackson and his supporters.
Term
John C. Culhoun
Definition
Proposed the South Carolina Exposition and Protest which argued that tariffs were unconstitutional and states had the right to nullify laws.
Term
Know-Nothings
Definition
American Party against immigration
Term
Lowell System
Definition
The first example of an automated textile system; "Lowell Mills"
Term
Lucretia Mott
Definition
One of the leaders of the Women's suffrage reform movement
Term
Nulification Crisis
Definition
When Jackson declared NO with the nullification of the states (over tariffs); Government was not sure if nullification was constitutional
Term
Panics of 1819, 1837, 1857
Definition
Financial crisis: During end of Era of Good Feelings (1819); Over speculative fever [housing] (1837); Declining international economy and over-expansion in domestic economy (1857).
Term
2nd Great Awakening
Definition
Coming back to religion; people starting to believe in salvation again
Term
Seneca Falls Convention
Definition
Women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York
Term
Sojourner Truth
Definition
An American-born slave who was an abolitionist
Term
Spoils System
Definition
Patronage; Favors to people for political votes (practiced by Jackson)
Term
Susan B. Anthony
Definition
Women's rights leader, as well as an abolitionist and supporter of temperance.
Term
Tariff of Abominations
Definition
Jackson's attempt to keep America buying American products by putting high taxes on foreign goods; The south nullified this act, in which created the nullification crisis 
Term
Temperance
Definition
Reform movement to limit the consumption of alcohol to 1-2 drinks a day
Term
Trail of Tears
Definition
Trail thousands of slaves walked by order of Jackson-from Georgia to Oklahoma- thousands died on this walk.
Term
Whigs
Definition
Political party opposed to Jackson and Democrats;
Term
William Lloyd Garrison
Definition
Abolitionist (reform movement)
Term
Utopian Communities
Definition
"Perfect societies"; based on religion; simpler living, and communism.
Term
"Bleeding Kansas"
Definition
Abolitionist John Brown cut off slave holder's hands; first violent act leading to Civil War
Term
Harper's Ferry Raid
Definition
"Terrorist" John Brown escaped with others to hide out at Harper's Ferry (armory in the south) and arm slaves with weapons - slaves never came, Brown lost.
Term
Compromise of 1850
Definition
Settled argument about what to do with newly acquired territory - California became a free state, D.C. ended their slave trade, popular sovereignty in the territories, and the fugitive slave law.
Term
Stephen Douglas
Definition
Debated with Lincoln over popular sovereignty (determine slavery)
Term
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Definition
Case ruled that freedmen are still not citizens of the U.S.
Term
Free-Soil Party
Definition
Political Party made up of lower-class whites who want to settle west without the interference of freedmen or laws- they feel that its their right to settle as Americans.
Term
Fugitive Slave Law
Definition
Put in place in favor of the south - basically, any black in the North could be claimed as a slave whether or not s/he escaped from the South or was a freedman of the North
Term
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Definition
Tried to settle disputes for popular sovereignty in those territories; Le Compton Constitution (pro slavery), Bleeding Kansas (antislavery), Lincoln-Douglas debates, Republican party formation (against spread of slavery)
Term
Popular Sovereignty
Definition
The power is in the people's hands
Term
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Definition
Book by Harriet Beecher Stowe; a best seller telling the truths of slavery- The North became more opinionated and the south felt attacked by this book
Term
Antietam
Definition
Considered the bloodiest battle of the war; North barely wins, uses as reason to emancipate slaves
Term
Appomattox
Definition
Courthouse at which Robert E. Lee and his army surrendered to the Union
Term
Border States
Definition
States that were a part of the union but still had slavery; Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, and Delaware. Lincoln sent military forces and suspended the writ of habeas corpus to preserve what was left of the Union
Term
Confederate States of America
Definition
"Country" the South called themselves (states that seceded from the union)
Term
Jefferson Davis
Definition
President of the Confederate States of America
Term
Emancipation Proclamation
Definition
Document written by Lincoln stating slaves of the Confederate states were free; border states kept slavery
Term
Fort Sumter
Definition
"First" battle of the civil war - Port in south attacked by southerners; Union defended it
Term
Gettysburg
Definition
Last offensive battle for the Confederacy in Pennsylvania
Term
Gettysburg Address
Definition
Speech given by Lincoln; gave people a cause to fight for
Term
Ulysses S. Grant
Definition
Commander for the Union Army and President during Reconstruction
Term
Robert E. Lee
Definition
Commander for the Confederate Army
Term
New York City Draft Riots
Definition
Riots caused by Irish and other immigrants in protest to now freedmen taking their jobs
Term
Sherman's March
Definition
(Ordered by Lincoln): Commander Sherman started in Atlanta Georgia, and he used the tactic total warfare and burnt a trail all the way to Savannah
Term
Vicksburg
Definition
Battle where the North gained control of the Mississippi river
Term
13th Amendment
Definition
Abolished slavery
Term
14th Amendment
Definition
Anyone born/naturalized in America is a citizen (reversed Dred Scott case)
Term
15th Amendment
Definition
Suffrage for all males (women could still not vote)
Term
Carpetbaggers
Definition
Nickname for Northerners taking advantage of the Reconstruction for political or economic benefit
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1877
Definition
Protection of African American labor and travel rights (prevent discrimination), which was not enforced
Term
Compromise of 1877
Definition

-Republicans had to stop supporting southerners to get into office

-North promised to build a transcontinential railroad in the South (never happened)

-Military forces leave districts in the South

Term
Freedman's Bureau
Definition
(Act of Congress) provide shelter, food, and education to children
Term
Jim Crow Laws
Definition
(Black Codes); Segregation laws
Term
Ku Klux Klan
Definition
Within a year of the Civil War's end, every state in the South had members (Led by Nathan Bedford Forrest [named Forrest Gump after him])
Term
Plessy v. Ferguson
Definition
Court case that decided facilities for blacks and whites were separate but equal (overturned by Brown v. Board of Education)
Term
Radical Republicans
Definition
Political party who had irrational ideas about slavery - to comepletely abolish it, sure morrally sound, yet realistically a cause for conflict
Term
Scalawags
Definition
Nickname for Northerners taking advantage of Reconstruction for political or economical benefit
Term
Sharecroppers
Definition
System in which a farmer would rent land/tools/animals, give most of crops produced to owner, which would eventually lead to debt
Term
Transcendentalism
Definition

The philosophy that emphasized the a priory conditions of knowledge and experience or the unknowable character of ultimate reality or that emphasizes the transcendent as the fundamental reality.

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